Chronic Sinusitis: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Modern Management

Musleh Hussain Mubarki; Radeif Essa Shamakhi; Saud Sahal Matar AlOtaibi; Adnan Abdulkhaliq Alraml; Osama Abdullah Almohammed saleh; Abdullah Mohammed Almarzooq; Fahad Meshref mzal alanazi; Rahaf ali salem Alshehri; Sara zafer raja alajmi; Faisal Saad Hamoud Alotaibi; Abduallah Mohammed Almawash

doi:10.64483/jmph-74

Authors

Musleh Hussain Mubarki Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ENT consultant
Radeif Essa Shamakhi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ENT consultant
Saud Sahal Matar AlOtaibi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al-Hamra Health Center, Riyadh
Adnan Abdulkhaliq Alraml Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, General practitioner, Oyun City General Hospital, Alahsa
Osama Abdullah Almohammed saleh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, General practitioner, Oyun City General Hospital, Alahsa
Abdullah Mohammed Almarzooq Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, General practitioner, Alomran General Hospital, Alahsa
Fahad Meshref mzal alanazi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Red Crescent
Rahaf ali salem Alshehri Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health/Hittin Health Center
Sara zafer raja alajmi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Hayathem primary Health care center
Faisal Saad Hamoud Alotaibi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Primary Health Care Centers in Artawia
Abduallah Mohammed Almawash Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, king salman hospital in Riyadh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64483/jmph-74

Keywords:

Chronic rhinosinusitis, sinusitis, biologics, microbiome, diagnosis.

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common pericranial inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses lasting greater than 12 weeks, which affects millions of people around the world. This review describes the multifactorial etiology of CRS, advances in CRS diagnostics, and new treatment options. The causes of CRS include anatomical obstruction, infections (microbial), allergies, and an unintended, inappropriate, and exaggerated immune response. In recent literature, the importance of biofilms, genetic background, and imbalance of the microbiome has also been examined. Therapy is composed of medical therapies (e.g., intranasal corticosteroids, antibiotics, and biologics) and surgery, including the increasingly popular functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and other types of surgical airway reconstruction. New ideas and therapies have emerged, including therapies targeting the ecosystem of the microbiome (including next-generation sequencing) and biologics, including dupilumab. The purpose of this review is to highlight diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and new therapies. By presenting current problems and new directions for research, we hope to assist clinicians and researchers to give their patients with CRS the best chance for improved outcomes.

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