Nursing Management and Clinical Outcomes of Aspiration Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Critical Review of Evidence-Based Interventions and Risk Reduction Strategies

Abstract

Background: Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is a severe pulmonary infection resulting from the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). Distinguishing AP from aspiration pneumonitis is critical, as their management differs substantially. High-risk populations include elderly, neurologically impaired, and mechanically ventilated patients.
Aim: This review evaluates evidence-based nursing and medical interventions for AP management, focusing on prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
Methods: A critical review of current literature was conducted (50 scanned, and 14 selected), analyzing risk factors, diagnostic approaches, medical treatments, and nursing interventions for AP. Emphasis was placed on multidisciplinary care, including pharmacological management, swallowing assessments, and respiratory support.
Results: Key findings highlight the importance of early antibiotic therapy, with amoxicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and respiratory fluoroquinolones as primary treatments. Non-pharmacological strategies, such as swallowing evaluations, dietary modifications, and oral hygiene, significantly reduce AP risk. Nursing interventions, including airway management, positioning, and continuous monitoring, are vital in preventing complications.
Conclusion: Effective AP management requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating prompt antibiotic therapy, risk factor modification, and vigilant nursing care. Early recognition and preventive measures can reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes.