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Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)

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June 11, 2026
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June 16, 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulrahman Abdulmohsen M Alsultan, Afnan Mohammed Kulib Hadi, Hessa Mohammed Kulib Hadi, Mohammed Khashman Almutairi, Amal Ali Shar, Salma Ibrahim Aldabaan, Essam Ragab Ahmed Mohamed, Arwah Abdu Ahmed Haissi, Hajar Ali Eissa Jobahi, Ahmed Abdullah Faris Alotaibi, Manal Almalhem

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Diabetes Complications: An Updated Review for Dentist, Optometrist, Radiologists, Nursing, Laboratory Professionals, and Other Healthcare Professionals.

https://doi.org/10.64483/202631721
Abdulrahman Abdulmohsen M Alsultan
Qassim University College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia
Afnan Mohammed Kulib Hadi
Eradah and Mental Health Hospital Jazan, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Hessa Mohammed Kulib Hadi
AlSuwias Health Center, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Khashman Almutairi
Prince Abdulrahman Advanced Dental Institute Ministry of Defense, Saudi Arabia
Amal Ali Shar
King Khalid University Hospital Riyadh, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Salma Ibrahim Aldabaan
King Khalid University Hospital Riyadh, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Essam Ragab Ahmed Mohamed
Saudi Airlines Medical Center Jeddah Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Care Group, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Arwah Abdu Ahmed Haissi
Sabya General Hospital Jazan Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Hajar Ali Eissa Jobahi
Jazan Health Cluster, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Abdullah Faris Alotaibi
King Khalid University Hospital, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
Manal Almalhem
King Khalid University Hospital King Saud University, ministry of health, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author(s) : Abdulrahman Abdulmohsen M Alsultan

aa.alsultan@qu.edu.sa

Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and progressive multi-organ injury affecting vascular, neural, renal, and retinal systems. The global burden continues to rise rapidly, creating substantial clinical and economic challenges. Diabetic complications arise from interconnected macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction driven by metabolic, inflammatory, and epigenetic mechanisms.


Aim: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the molecular mechanisms, organ crosstalk, and clinical manifestations of diabetes-related complications, with emphasis on renal, cardiovascular, neurological, and retinal involvement. It also highlights emerging therapeutic strategies relevant to multidisciplinary healthcare professionals.


Methods: A narrative review approach was used, integrating findings from recent experimental studies, clinical investigations, single-cell RNA sequencing, and multiomics analyses. Evidence was critically examined to map shared pathogenic pathways across diabetic complications.


Results: Diabetic complications are mediated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, chronic inflammation, and accumulation of advanced glycation end products. These processes disrupt endothelial function and activate inflammatory cascades such as NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Organ-specific manifestations include diabetic kidney disease with podocyte loss and fibrosis, cardiovascular disease driven by endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration linked to blood–brain barrier dysfunction and mitochondrial injury, and diabetic retinopathy characterized by retinal vascular damage, ferroptosis, and pathological angiogenesis. Metabolic memory and epigenetic modifications sustain disease progression even after glycemic control.


Conclusion: Diabetic complications represent a unified systemic disorder rather than isolated organ diseases. Integrated molecular pathways drive progressive multi-organ dysfunction, supporting the need for early intervention and multi-target therapeutic strategies.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus, microvascular complications, macrovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, epigenetics, organ crosstalk
Alsultan, A. A. M., Hadi, A. M. K., Hadi, H. M. K., Almutairi, M. K., Shar, A. A., Aldabaan, S. I., … Almalhem, M. (2026). Diabetes Complications: An Updated Review for Dentist, Optometrist, Radiologists, Nursing, Laboratory Professionals, and Other Healthcare Professionals. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 3(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.64483/202631721
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