Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic, Imaging, and Laboratory Perspectives
Abstract
Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypercalcemia and an increased risk of renal and skeletal complications. Historically a symptomatic disease, most cases are now detected incidentally via routine biochemical screening, presenting a shift towards asymptomatic or mild presentations. However, untreated PHPT can still lead to significant morbidity, including nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of PHPT from diagnostic, imaging, and laboratory perspectives, detailing its pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and contemporary management strategies.
Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering the etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic workup (including biochemical assays and imaging modalities), and treatment options for PHPT.
Results: Diagnosis is confirmed by concurrent hypercalcemia and inappropriately elevated PTH levels, after excluding secondary causes and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Localization studies like ultrasound and sestamibi scans are reserved for preoperative planning. Management is individualized: parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment and is recommended for symptomatic patients or those meeting specific criteria (e.g., age <50, osteoporosis, renal stones). For asymptomatic patients not meeting surgical criteria, a strategy of monitoring with regular calcium, renal function, and bone density checks is appropriate. Medical therapies like bisphosphonates, denosumab, and cinacalcet can help manage bone loss and hypercalcemia in non-surgical candidates.
Conclusion: PHPT requires a tailored approach based on symptom status, biochemical severity, and end-organ involvement. A multidisciplinary team is essential for accurate diagnosis, appropriate selection of surgical candidates, and effective long-term management to prevent complications.
Full text article
References
ALBRIGHT F. A page out of the history of hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1948 Aug:8(8):637-57
Joborn C, Hetta J, Johansson H, Rastad J, Agren H, Akerström G, Ljunghall S. Psychiatric morbidity in primary hyperparathyroidism. World journal of surgery. 1988 Aug:12(4):476-81
Misiorowski W, Czajka-Oraniec I, Kochman M, Zgliczyński W, Bilezikian JP. Osteitis fibrosa cystica-a forgotten radiological feature of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine. 2017 Nov:58(2):380-385. doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1414-2.
Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Silverberg SJ, Fuleihan GE, Marcocci C, Minisola S, Perrier N, Sitges-Serra A, Thakker RV, Guyatt G, Mannstadt M, Potts JT, Clarke BL, Brandi ML, International Workshop on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Fifth International Workshop. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2293-2314. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4677.
Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ, Bandeira F, Cetani F, Chandran M, Cusano NE, Ebeling PR, Formenti AM, Frost M, Gosnell J, Lewiecki EM, Singer FR, Gittoes N, Khan AA, Marcocci C, Rejnmark L, Ye Z, Guyatt G, Potts JT. Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2391-2403. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4682.
Perrier N, Lang BH, Farias LCB, Poch LL, Sywak M, Almquist M, Vriens MR, Yeh MW, Shariq O, Duh QY, Yeh R, Vu T, LiVolsi V, Sitges-Serra A. Surgical Aspects of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2373-2390. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4689.
Pretorius M, Lundstam K, Heck A, Fagerland MW, Godang K, Mollerup C, Fougner SL, Pernow Y, Aas T, Hessman O, Rosén T, Nordenström J, Jansson S, Hellström M, Bollerslev J. Mortality and Morbidity in Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Results From a 10-Year Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Parathyroidectomy Versus Observation. Annals of internal medicine. 2022 Jun:175(6):812-819. doi: 10.7326/M21-4416.
Ilahi A, Muco E, Ilahi TB. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Parathyroid. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Chen RA, Goodman WG. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid gland physiology. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2004 Jun:286(6):F1005-11
Minisola S, Arnold A, Belaya Z, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Hannan FM, Hofbauer LC, Insogna KL, Lacroix A, Liberman U, Palermo A, Pepe J, Rizzoli R, Wermers R, Thakker RV. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2315-2329. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4665.
Sell J, Ramirez S, Partin M. Parathyroid Disorders. American family physician. 2022 Mar 1:105(3):289-298
Bilezikian JP, Bandeira L, Khan A, Cusano NE. Hyperparathyroidism. Lancet (London, England). 2018 Jan 13:391(10116):168-178. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31430-7.
Barczyński M, Bränström R, Dionigi G, Mihai R. Sporadic multiple parathyroid gland disease--a consensus report of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES). Langenbeck's archives of surgery. 2015 Dec:400(8):887-905. doi: 10.1007/s00423-015-1348-1.
Agirre L, de la Quintana A, Martínez G, Arana A, Servide MJ, Larrea J. Surgical results and the location of pathological glands in the treatment of primary sporadic hyperparathyroidism with negative preoperative (99m)Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy. Cirugia espanola. 2020 Dec 18:():. pii: S0009-739X(20)30385-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.11.011.
Nudelman IL, Deutsch AA, Reiss R. Primary hyperparathyroidism due to mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. International surgery. 1987 Apr-Jun:72(2):104-8
Fingeret AL. Contemporary Evaluation and Management of Parathyroid Carcinoma. JCO oncology practice. 2021 Jan:17(1):17-21. doi: 10.1200/JOP.19.00540.
Lee PK, Jarosek SL, Virnig BA, Evasovich M, Tuttle TM. Trends in the incidence and treatment of parathyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer. 2007 May 1:109(9):1736-41
Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine reviews. 2023 Sep 15:44(5):779-818. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009.
Jain M, Krasne DL, Singer FR, Giuliano AE. Recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism due to Type 1 parathyromatosis. Endocrine. 2017 Feb:55(2):643-650. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1139-7.
Haciyanli M, Karaisli S, Gucek Haciyanli S, Atasever A, Arikan Etit D, Gur EO, Acar T. Parathyromatosis: a very rare cause of recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism - case report and review of the literature. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2019 Nov:101(8):e178-e183. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2019.0105.
Hage MP, Salti I, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Parathyromatosis: a rare yet problematic etiology of recurrent and persistent hyperparathyroidism. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2012 Jun:61(6):762-75. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.001.
Kollmorgen CF, Aust MR, Ferreiro JA, McCarthy JT, van Heerden JA. Parathyromatosis: a rare yet important cause of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1994 Jul:116(1):111-5
Tzotzas T, Goropoulos A, Karras S, Terzaki A, Siolos A, Doumas A, Zaramboukas T, Tigas S. Effective long-term management of parathyromatosis-related refractory hypercalcemia with a combination of denosumab and cinacalcet treatment. Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2022 Mar:21(1):171-176. doi: 10.1007/s42000-021-00343-w.
Leslie SW, Levine SN. Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Mifsud S, Cilia K, Mifsud EL, Gruppetta M. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005). 2020 Nov 2:81(11):1-9. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2020.0457.
McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England). 2012 Feb 25:379(9817):721-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61516-X.
Lerena VS, León NS, Sosa S, Deligiannis NG, Danilowicz K, Rizzo LFL. Lithium and endocrine dysfunction. Medicina. 2022:82(1):130-137
Anastasopoulou C, Mewawalla P. Malignancy-Related Hypercalcemia. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Mirrakhimov AE. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management. North American journal of medical sciences. 2015 Nov:7(11):483-93. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.170600.
Guise TA, Wysolmerski JJ. Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia. The New England journal of medicine. 2022 Apr 14:386(15):1443-1451. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2113128.
Wassif WS, Moniz CF, Friedman E, Wong S, Weber G, Nordenskjöld M, Peters TJ, Larsson C. Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: a distinct genetic entity with an increased risk of parathyroid cancer. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1993 Dec:77(6):1485-9
Simonds WF, James-Newton LA, Agarwal SK, Yang B, Skarulis MC, Hendy GN, Marx SJ. Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: clinical and genetic characteristics of 36 kindreds. Medicine. 2002 Jan:81(1):1-
Dionisi S, Minisola S, Pepe J, De Geronimo S, Paglia F, Memeo L, Fitzpatrick LA. Concurrent parathyroid adenomas and carcinoma in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: presentation as hypercalcemic crisis. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2002 Aug:77(8):866-9
Agha A, Carpenter R, Bhattacharya S, Edmonson SJ, Carlsen E, Monson JP. Parathyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome: two case reports of an unrecognised entity. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2007 Feb:30(2):145-9
Blau JE, Simonds WF. Familial Hyperparathyroidism. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2021:12():623667. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.623667.
Giusti F, Tonelli F, Brandi ML. Primary hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: when to perform surgery? Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2012:67 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):141-4
Singh G, Mulji NJ, Jialal I. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Yasir M, Mulji NJ, Kasi A. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias Type 2. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Ahmed FW, Majeed MS, Kirresh O. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias Type 4. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Redwin Dhas MP, Karthiga KS, Tatu JE, Eugenia SJ. Hyper Parathyroidisim Jaw Tumor Syndrome: A Rare Condition of Incongruous Features. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2017 May:27(3):309-313
Lee JY, Shoback DM. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and related disorders. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2018 Oct:32(5):609-619. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.004.
Nava Suarez CC, Anastasopoulou C, Kathuria P. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Alfadda TI, Saleh AM, Houillier P, Geibel JP. Calcium-sensing receptor 20 years later. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology. 2014 Aug 1:307(3):C221-31. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2014.
Bilezikian JP. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2018 Nov 1:103(11):3993-4004. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01225.
Vaidya A, Curhan GC, Paik JM, Kronenberg H, Taylor EN. Hypertension, Antihypertensive Medications, and Risk of Incident Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015 Jun:100(6):2396-404. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1619.
Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW. The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage. The New England journal of medicine. 2011 Aug 18:365(7):676-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1104982.
Szalat A, Mazeh H, Freund HR. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: report of four cases and review of the literature. European journal of endocrinology. 2009 Feb:160(2):317-23. doi: 10.1530/EJE-08-0620.
Vaidya A, Curhan GC, Paik JM, Wang M, Taylor EN. Physical Activity and the Risk of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2016 Apr:101(4):1590-7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3836.
Vaidya A, Curhan GC, Paik JM, Wang M, Taylor EN. Body Size and the Risk of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Women: A Cohort Study. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2017 Sep:32(9):1900-1906. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3168.
Paik JM, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2012 Oct 17:345():e6390. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e6390.
Griebeler ML, Kearns AE, Ryu E, Thapa P, Hathcock MA, Melton LJ 3rd, Wermers RA. Thiazide-Associated Hypercalcemia: Incidence and Association With Primary Hyperparathyroidism Over Two Decades. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2016 Mar:101(3):1166-73. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3964.
Silva BC, Cusano NE, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2024 Jan:38(1):101247. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.09.013.
Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. The diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism. 2006 Sep:2(9):494-503
Marcocci C, Cetani F, Rubin MR, Silverberg SJ, Pinchera A, Bilezikian JP. Parathyroid carcinoma. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2008 Dec:23(12):1869-80. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.081018.
Chen JD, Morrison C, Zhang C, Kahnoski K, Carpten JD, Teh BT. Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome. Journal of internal medicine. 2003 Jun:253(6):634
Carpten JD, Robbins CM, Villablanca A, Forsberg L, Presciuttini S, Bailey-Wilson J, Simonds WF, Gillanders EM, Kennedy AM, Chen JD, Agarwal SK, Sood R, Jones MP, Moses TY, Haven C, Petillo D, Leotlela PD, Harding B, Cameron D, Pannett AA, Höög A, Heath H 3rd, James-Newton LA, Robinson B, Zarbo RJ, Cavaco BM, Wassif W, Perrier ND, Rosen IB, Kristoffersson U, Turnpenny PD, Farnebo LO, Besser GM, Jackson CE, Morreau H, Trent JM, Thakker RV, Marx SJ, Teh BT, Larsson C, Hobbs MR. HRPT2, encoding parafibromin, is mutated in hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Nature genetics. 2002 Dec:32(4):676-80
McLaughlin MB, Awosika AO, Jialal I. Calcitonin. StatPearls. 2025 Jan:
Bergwitz C, Jüppner H. Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annual review of medicine. 2010:61():91-104. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.051308.111339.
Weber TJ, Quarles LD. Molecular Control of Phosphorus Homeostasis and Precision Treatment of Hypophosphatemic Disorders. Current molecular biology reports. 2019 Jun:5(2):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s40610-019-0118-1.
Matikainen N, Pekkarinen T, Ryhänen EM, Schalin-Jäntti C. Physiology of Calcium Homeostasis: An Overview. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2021 Dec:50(4):575-590. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.07.005.
Uenishi K, Tokiwa M, Kato S, Shiraki M. Stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption by orally administrated vitamin D3 compounds: a prospective open-label randomized trial in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2018 Mar:29(3):723-732. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-4351-2.
Muppidi V, Meegada SR, Rehman A. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Kaur J, Khare S, Sizar O, Givler A. Vitamin D Deficiency. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Lung BE, Komatsu DEE. Calcitriol. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Bindroo S, Quintanilla Rodriguez BS, Challa HJ. Renal Failure (Archived). StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Lepage R, Roy L, Brossard JH, Rousseau L, Dorais C, Lazure C, D'Amour P. A non-(1-84) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples. Clinical chemistry. 1998 Apr:44(4):805-9
Quarles LD, Lobaugh B, Murphy G. Intact parathyroid hormone overestimates the presence and severity of parathyroid-mediated osseous abnormalities in uremia. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1992 Jul:75(1):145-50
Martin KJ, González EA. Metabolic bone disease in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2007 Mar:18(3):875-85
Yuen NK, Ananthakrishnan S, Campbell MJ. Hyperparathyroidism of Renal Disease. The Permanente journal. 2016 Summer:20(3):15-127. doi: 10.7812/TPP/15-127.
Tominaga Y, Tanaka Y, Sato K, Nagasaka T, Takagi H. Histopathology, pathophysiology, and indications for surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. Seminars in surgical oncology. 1997 Mar-Apr:13(2):78-86
Madorin C, Owen RP, Fraser WD, Pellitteri PK, Radbill B, Rinaldo A, Seethala RR, Shaha AR, Silver CE, Suh MY, Weinstein B, Ferlito A. The surgical management of renal hyperparathyroidism. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2012 Jun:269(6):1565-76. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1833-2.
Shah A, Hashmi MF, Aeddula NR. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Fleischer J, Becker C, Hamele-Bena D, Breen TL, Silverberg SJ. Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma: a malignant presentation of a benign disease. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2004 Dec:89(12):5948-
El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Chakhtoura M, Cipriani C, Eastell R, Karonova T, Liu JM, Minisola S, Mithal A, Moreira CA, Peacock M, Schini M, Silva B, Walker M, El Zein O, Marcocci C. Classical and Nonclassical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2330-2350. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4679.
Zhu CY, Sturgeon C, Yeh MW. Diagnosis and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. JAMA. 2020 Mar 24:323(12):1186-1187. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0538.
Cipriani C, Biamonte F, Costa AG, Zhang C, Biondi P, Diacinti D, Pepe J, Piemonte S, Scillitani A, Minisola S, Bilezikian JP. Prevalence of kidney stones and vertebral fractures in primary hyperparathyroidism using imaging technology. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015 Apr:100(4):1309-15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3708.
Tay YD, Liu M, Bandeira L, Bucovsky M, Lee JA, Silverberg SJ, Walker MD. Occult urolithiasis in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine research. 2018 May:43(2):106-115. doi: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1431275.
Lesser T, Bartel M. [Primary hyperparathyroidism. Pathogenesis--diagnosis--therapy]. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie. 1992:117(1):41-9
Sadiq NM, Anastasopoulou C, Patel G, Badireddy M. Hypercalcemia. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Li SR, McCoy KL, Levitt HE, Kelley ML, Carty SE, Yip L. Is routine 24-hour urine calcium measurement useful during the evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism? Surgery. 2022 Jan:171(1):17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.04.055.
Mollerup CL, Vestergaard P, Frøkjaer VG, Mosekilde L, Christiansen P, Blichert-Toft M. Risk of renal stone events in primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroid surgery: controlled retrospective follow up study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2002 Oct 12:325(7368):807
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Bashir K. 24-Hour Urine Testing for Nephrolithiasis: Interpretation and Treatment Guidelines. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Sawhney S, Vaish R, Jain S, Mittal N, Ankathi SK, Thiagarajan S, Chaukar D. Parathyroid Carcinoma: a Review. Indian journal of surgical oncology. 2022 Mar:13(1):133-142. doi: 10.1007/s13193-021-01343-3.
Fitzpatrick LA, Bilezikian JP. Acute primary hyperparathyroidism. The American journal of medicine. 1987 Feb:82(2):275-82
Bayat-Mokhtari F, Palmieri GM, Moinuddin M, Pourmand R. Parathyroid storm. Archives of internal medicine. 1980 Aug:140(8):1092-5
Rock K, Fattah N, O'Malley D, McDermott E. The management of acute parathyroid crisis secondary to parathyroid carcinoma: a case report. Journal of medical case reports. 2010 Jan 29:4():28. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-28.
Ameerudden S, He X. Management and surgical treatment of parathyroid crisis secondary to parathyroid tumors: report of four cases. International medical case reports journal. 2011:4():59-66. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S23764.
Bedini I, Sylvestre Begnis G, Poenitz F, Polillo DC, Vargas MC, Bolzán D, Ramírez Stieben LA. Hypercalcemic crisis as a presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism. Medicina. 2023:83(5):804-807
das Neves MC, Rosano M, Ohe MN, de Mello GM, Ribeiro DK, Santos RO. Planned parathyroidectomy: the new standard in hypercalcemic crisis. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism. 2023 May 12:67(4):e000613. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000613.
Jadhao P, Mangaraj S. Utility of denosumab therapy in management of severe hypercalcaemia caused by primary hyperparathyroidism - Case report with review of literature. The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 2023 Jun:53(2):104-108. doi: 10.1177/14782715231159741.
Hayashi S, Oba T, Ichikawa K, Nakamura C, Hara Y, Kanai T, Sato Y, Uehara T, Ito KI. Hypercalcemic crisis caused by primary hyperparathyroidism in a 11-year-old boy: a rare case report and review of the literature. Gland surgery. 2022 Jul:11(7):1279-1286. doi: 10.21037/gs-22-92.
El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Clines GA, Hu MI, Marcocci C, Murad MH, Piggott T, Van Poznak C, Wu JY, Drake MT. Treatment of Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2023 Feb 15:108(3):507-528. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac621.
Koo WS, Jeon DS, Ahn SJ, Kim YS, Yoon YS, Bang BK. Calcium-free hemodialysis for the management of hypercalcemia. Nephron. 1996:72(3):424-8
Leehey DJ, Ing TS. Correction of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia by hemodialysis using a conventional, calcium-containing dialysis solution enriched with phosphorus. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1997 Feb:29(2):288-90
Sala TD, Mureşan S, Roman R, Lazăr A, Ion R, Paşcanu I. Hypercalcaemic Crisis Due to Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Report of Two Cases. Journal of critical care medicine (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie din Targu-Mures). 2019 Jan:5(1):34-39. doi: 10.2478/jccm-2019-0004.
Anastasopoulou C, Barnett MJ, Mikes BA. Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Souberbielle JC, Cormier C, Kindermans C, Gao P, Cantor T, Forette F, Baulieu EE. Vitamin D status and redefining serum parathyroid hormone reference range in the elderly. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2001 Jul:86(7):3086-90
Piketty ML, Prie D, Sedel F, Bernard D, Hercend C, Chanson P, Souberbielle JC. High-dose biotin therapy leading to false biochemical endocrine profiles: validation of a simple method to overcome biotin interference. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. 2017 May 1:55(6):817-825. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2016-1183.
Lasbleiz A, Paladino NC, Romanet P, Castinetti F, Cuny T, Sebag F, Taïeb D. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: the challenge of diagnosis. Endocrine. 2022 Feb:75(2):646-649. doi: 10.1007/s12020-021-02909-5.
De Sousa SMC, Carroll RW, Henderson A, Burgess J, Clifton-Bligh RJ. A contemporary clinical approach to genetic testing for heritable hyperparathyroidism syndromes. Endocrine. 2022 Jan:75(1):23-32. doi: 10.1007/s12020-021-02927-3.
Civelek AC, Ozalp E, Donovan P, Udelsman R. Prospective evaluation of delayed technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT scintigraphy for preoperative localization of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 2002 Feb:131(2):149-57
Van Husen R, Kim LT. Accuracy of surgeon-performed ultrasound in parathyroid localization. World journal of surgery. 2004 Nov:28(11):1122
Aksoy-Altinboga A, Akder Sari A, Rezanko T, Haciyanli M, Orgen Calli A. Parathyromatosis: critical diagnosis regarding surgery and pathologic evaluation. Korean journal of pathology. 2012 Apr:46(2):197-200. doi: 10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.197.
Cheung K, Wang TS, Farrokhyar F, Roman SA, Sosa JA. A meta-analysis of preoperative localization techniques for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Annals of surgical oncology. 2012 Feb:19(2):577-83. doi: 10.1245/s10434-011-1870-5. Epub 2011 Jun 28
Petranović Ovčariček P, Giovanella L, Carrió Gasset I, Hindié E, Huellner MW, Luster M, Piccardo A, Weber T, Talbot JN, Verburg FA. The EANM practice guidelines for parathyroid imaging. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 2021 Aug:48(9):2801-2822. doi: 10.1007/s00259-021-05334-y.
Broome DT, Naples R, Bailey R, Tekin Z, Hamidi M, Bena JF, Morrison SL, Berber E, Siperstein AE, Scharpf J, Skugor M. Use of Preoperative Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2021 Jan 1:106(1):e328-e337. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa779.
Yeh R, Tay YD, Tabacco G, Dercle L, Kuo JH, Bandeira L, McManus C, Leung DK, Lee JA, Bilezikian JP. Diagnostic Performance of 4D CT and Sestamibi SPECT/CT in Localizing Parathyroid Adenomas in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Radiology. 2019 May:291(2):469-476. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019182122.
Kelly HR, Bunch PM. Parathyroid Computed Tomography: Pearls, Pitfalls, and Our Approach. Neuroimaging clinics of North America. 2022 May:32(2):413-431. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2022.01.006.
Dekorsy FJ, Beyer L, Spitzweg C, Schmidmaier R, Todica A, Trupka A, Cyran CC, Berger F, Ladurner R, Zimmermann P, Knösel T, Bartenstein P, Lottspeich C, Wenter V. Preoperative Imaging with [(18)F]-Fluorocholine PET/CT in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of clinical medicine. 2022 May 23:11(10):. doi: 10.3390/jcm11102944.
Şentürk A, Aysan E. A New Technique for Localization of Parathyroid Adenoma: Infrared Thermal Scanning of the Neck. Cureus. 2023 Oct:15(10):e47977. doi: 10.7759/cureus.47977.
Ho J, Kim D, Lee JE, Hong N, Kim BM, Kim DJ, Kim J, Lee CR, Kang SW, Jeong JJ, Nam KH, Chung WY, Rhee Y. Parathyroid venous sampling for the preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Scientific reports. 2022 Apr 29:12(1):7058. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11238-0.
Gücek Hacıyanlı S, Acar N, Ballı Ö, Erdoğan N, Hacıyanlı M. Selective venous sampling in primary hyperparathyroidism: Is it worth doing? Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2022 Feb:52(1):144-149. doi: 10.3906/sag-2108-151.
Silva BC, Boutroy S, Zhang C, McMahon DJ, Zhou B, Wang J, Udesky J, Cremers S, Sarquis M, Guo XD, Hans D, Bilezikian JP. Trabecular bone score (TBS)--a novel method to evaluate bone microarchitectural texture in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2013 May:98(5):1963-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-4255.
Hansen S, Hauge EM, Rasmussen L, Jensen JE, Brixen K. Parathyroidectomy improves bone geometry and microarchitecture in female patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a one-year prospective controlled study using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2012 May:27(5):1150-8. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1540.
Stein EM, Silva BC, Boutroy S, Zhou B, Wang J, Udesky J, Zhang C, McMahon DJ, Romano M, Dworakowski E, Costa AG, Cusano N, Irani D, Cremers S, Shane E, Guo XE, Bilezikian JP. Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with abnormal cortical and trabecular microstructure and reduced bone stiffness in postmenopausal women. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2013 May:28(5):1029-40. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1841.
Vu TD, Wang XF, Wang Q, Cusano NE, Irani D, Silva BC, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Udesky J, Romano ME, Zebaze R, Jerums G, Boutroy S, Bilezikian JP, Seeman E. New insights into the effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on the cortical and trabecular compartments of bone. Bone. 2013 Jul:55(1):57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.009.
Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Wermers RA, Crowson CS, O'Fallon Wm, Riggs Bl. Primary hyperparathyroidism and the risk of fracture: a population-based study. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1999 Oct:14(10):170
Vignali E, Viccica G, Diacinti D, Cetani F, Cianferotti L, Ambrogini E, Banti C, Del Fiacco R, Bilezikian JP, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. Morphometric vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2009 Jul:94(7):2306-12. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2006.
Mosekilde L. Primary hyperparathyroidism and the skeleton. Clinical endocrinology. 2008 Jul:69(1):1-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03162.x.
Liu M, Williams J, Kuo J, Lee JA, Silverberg SJ, Walker MD. Risk factors for vertebral fracture in primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine. 2019 Dec:66(3):682-690. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02099-1.
Ye Z, Silverberg SJ, Sreekanta A, Tong K, Wang Y, Chang Y, Zhang M, Guyatt G, Tangamornsuksun W, Zhang Y, Manja V, Bakaa L, Couban RJ, Brandi ML, Clarke B, Khan AA, Mannstadt M, Bilezikian JP. The Efficacy and Safety of Medical and Surgical Therapy in Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2022 Nov:37(11):2351-2372. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4685.
Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Vitamin D and primary hyperparathyroidism: more insights into a complex relationship. Endocrine. 2017 Jan:55(1):3-5. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1169-1.
Battista C, Guarnieri V, Carnevale V, Baorda F, Pileri M, Garrubba M, Salcuni AS, Chiodini I, Minisola S, Romagnoli E, Eller-Vainicher C, Santini SA, Parisi S, Frusciante V, Fontana A, Copetti M, Hendy GN, Scillitani A, Cole DE. Vitamin D status in primary hyperparathyroidism: effect of genetic background. Endocrine. 2017 Jan:55(1):266-272. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-0974-x.
Rolighed L, Rejnmark L, Sikjaer T, Heickendorff L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L, Christiansen P. Vitamin D treatment in primary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized placebo controlled trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014 Mar:99(3):1072-80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3978.
Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP, McMahon DJ, Jacobs T, Shane E, Siris E, Udesky J, Silverberg SJ. The natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery after 15 years. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2008 Sep:93(9):3462-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-1215.
Faggiano A, Di Somma C, Ramundo V, Severino R, Vuolo L, Coppola A, Panico F, Savastano S, Lombardi G, Colao A, Gasperi M. Cinacalcet hydrochloride in combination with alendronate normalizes hypercalcemia and improves bone mineral density in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine. 2011 Jun:39(3):283-7. doi: 10.1007/s12020-011-9459-0.
Keutgen XM, Buitrago D, Filicori F, Kundel A, Elemento O, Fahey TJ 3rd, Zarnegar R. Calcimimetics versus parathyroidectomy for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: retrospective chart analysis of a prospective database. Annals of surgery. 2012 May:255(5):981-5. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824c5252.
Kuchay MS, Mathew A, Kaur P, Mishra SK. Denosumab can be used successfully as a bridge to surgery in patients with severe hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism. 2021 Oct 29:65(5):669-673. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000408.
Eller-Vainicher C, Palmieri S, Cairoli E, Goggi G, Scillitani A, Arosio M, Falchetti A, Chiodini I. Protective Effect of Denosumab on Bone in Older Women with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2018 Mar:66(3):518-524. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15250.
Roukain A, Alwan H, Bongiovanni M, Sykiotis GP, Kopp PA. Denosumab for the Treatment of Hypercalcemia in a Patient With Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2021:12():794988. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.794988.
Vellanki P, Lange K, Elaraj D, Kopp PA, El Muayed M. Denosumab for management of parathyroid carcinoma-mediated hypercalcemia. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014 Feb:99(2):387-90. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3031.
Nadarasa K, Theodoraki A, Kurzawinski TR, Carpenter R, Bull J, Chung TT, Drake WM. Denosumab for management of refractory hypercalcaemia in recurrent parathyroid carcinoma. European journal of endocrinology. 2014 Sep:171(3):L7-8. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0482.
Collins MT, Skarulis MC, Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ, Spiegel AM, Marx SJ. Treatment of hypercalcemia secondary to parathyroid carcinoma with a novel calcimimetic agent. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1998 Apr:83(4):1083-8
Chandran M, Bilezikian JP, Lau J, Rajeev R, Yang SP, Samuel M, Parameswaran R. The efficacy and safety of cinacalcet in primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders. 2022 Jun:23(3):485-501. doi: 10.1007/s11154-021-09694-6.
Peacock M, Bolognese MA, Borofsky M, Scumpia S, Sterling LR, Cheng S, Shoback D. Cinacalcet treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: biochemical and bone densitometric outcomes in a five-year study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2009 Dec:94(12):4860-7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1472.
Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, Silverberg SJ, Udelsman R, Marcocci C, Potts JT Jr. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014 Oct:99(10):3561-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413.
Yamamoto K, Nakano Y, Tokumasu K, Honda H, Hasegawa K, Sato A, Ogawa H, Obika M, Hanayama Y, Otsuka F. Relationship between patients' characteristics and efficacy of calcimimetics for primary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. Clinical case reports. 2022 Apr:10(4):e05713. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.5713.
Marcocci C, Chanson P, Shoback D, Bilezikian J, Fernandez-Cruz L, Orgiazzi J, Henzen C, Cheng S, Sterling LR, Lu J, Peacock M. Cinacalcet reduces serum calcium concentrations in patients with intractable primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2009 Aug:94(8):2766-72. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2640.
Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, Guo MD, Turner SA, Shoback D. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2005 Jan:90(1):135-41
Silverberg SJ, Rubin MR, Faiman C, Peacock M, Shoback DM, Smallridge RC, Schwanauer LE, Olson KA, Klassen P, Bilezikian JP. Cinacalcet hydrochloride reduces the serum calcium concentration in inoperable parathyroid carcinoma. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2007 Oct:92(10):3803-8
Dandurand K, Ali DS, Khan AA. Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Narrative Review of Diagnosis and Medical Management. Journal of clinical medicine. 2021 Apr 9:10(8):. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081604.
Grey AB, Stapleton JP, Evans MC, Tatnell MA, Reid IR. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 1996 Sep 1:125(5):360-8
Marcus R, Madvig P, Crim M, Pont A, Kosek J. Conjugated estrogens in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hyperparathyroidism. Annals of internal medicine. 1984 May:100(5):633-40
Gallagher JC, Nordin BE. Treatment with with oestrogens of primary hyperparathyroidism in post-menopausal women. Lancet (London, England). 1972 Mar 4:1(7749):503-7
Purnell DC, Scholz DA, Smith LH, Sizemore GW, Black MB, Goldsmith RS, Arnaud CD. Treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. The American journal of medicine. 1974 Jun:56(6):800-9
Broadus AE, Magee JS, Mallette LE, Horst RL, Lang R, Jensen PS, Gertner JM, Baron R. A detailed evaluation of oral phosphate therapy in selected patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1983 May:56(5):953-61
Huang SY, Burchette R, Chung J, Haigh PI. Parathyroidectomy for nephrolithiasis in primary hyperparathyroidism: Beneficial but not a panacea. Surgery. 2022 Jan:171(1):29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.03.077.
Charles PY, Letavernier E, Périé S, Gauthé M, Daudon M, Haymann JP. Effect of parathyroidectomy on renal stone recurrence. Urolithiasis. 2021 Aug:49(4):327-334. doi: 10.1007/s00240-020-01239-x.
Rao DS, Phillips ER, Divine GW, Talpos GB. Randomized controlled clinical trial of surgery versus no surgery in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2004 Nov:89(11):5415-22
Cusano NE, Rubin MR, Silva BC, Tay YD, Williams JM, Agarwal S, Omeragic B, Guo XE, Bilezikian JP. Skeletal Microstructure and Estimated Bone Strength Improve Following Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2018 Jan 1:103(1):196-205. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01932.
Lundstam K, Heck A, Godang K, Mollerup C, Baranowski M, Pernow Y, Aas T, Hessman O, Rosén T, Nordenström J, Jansson S, Hellström M, Bollerslev J, SIPH Study Group. Effect of Surgery Versus Observation: Skeletal 5-Year Outcomes in a Randomized Trial of Patients With Primary HPT (the SIPH Study). Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2017 Sep:32(9):1907-1914. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3177.
Yeh MW, Zhou H, Adams AL, Ituarte PH, Li N, Liu IL, Haigh PI. The Relationship of Parathyroidectomy and Bisphosphonates With Fracture Risk in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Observational Study. Annals of internal medicine. 2016 Jun 7:164(11):715-23. doi: 10.7326/M15-1232.
Verdelli C, Corbetta S. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Kidney involvement in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: an update on clinical and molecular aspects. European journal of endocrinology. 2017 Jan:176(1):R39-R52
Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, Siris E, Bilezikian JP. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. The New England journal of medicine. 1999 Oct 21:341(17):1249-55
Silverberg SJ, Clarke BL, Peacock M, Bandeira F, Boutroy S, Cusano NE, Dempster D, Lewiecki EM, Liu JM, Minisola S, Rejnmark L, Silva BC, Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Current issues in the presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014 Oct:99(10):3580-94. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1415.
Singh Ospina N, Maraka S, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Espinosa de Ycaza AE, Jasim S, Gionfriddo M, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Brito JP, Al Nofal A, Erwin P, Wermers R, Montori V. Comparative efficacy of parathyroidectomy and active surveillance in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2016 Dec:27(12):3395-3407
Iglesias P, Arias J, López G, Romero I, Díez JJ. Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease: An Association Study Using Clinical Natural Language Processing Systems and Big Data Analytics. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023 Oct 24:12(21):. doi: 10.3390/jcm12216718.
Lightle WR, Zheng F, Makris KI, Grogan R, Suliburk J. Objectively measured cognitive dysfunction in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism improves after parathyroidectomy. Surgery. 2024 Jan:175(1):161-165. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.07.045.
Udelsman R, Lin Z, Donovan P. The superiority of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy based on 1650 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Annals of surgery. 2011 Mar:253(3):585-91. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318208fed9.
Clark OH. How should patients with primary hyperparathyroidism be treated? The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2003 Jul:88(7):3011-4
Udelsman R, Donovan PI, Sokoll LJ. One hundred consecutive minimally invasive parathyroid explorations. Annals of surgery. 2000 Sep:232(3):331-9
Irvin GL 3rd, Solorzano CC, Carneiro DM. Quick intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay: surgical adjunct to allow limited parathyroidectomy, improve success rate, and predict outcome. World journal of surgery. 2004 Dec:28(12):1287-92
Lala M. Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Indian journal of surgical oncology. 2022 Mar:13(1):143-151. doi: 10.1007/s13193-021-01319-3.
Graceffa G, Cipolla C, Calagna S, Contino S, Melfa G, Orlando G, Antonini R, Corigliano A, Proclamà MP, Mazzola S, Cocorullo G, Scerrino G. Interpretation of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring according to the Rome criterion in primary hyperparathyroidism. Scientific reports. 2022 Feb 28:12(1):3333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-07380-4.
Rajan S, Ravindhran B, George B, Bantwal G, Ayyar V, Manjuanth S. Simplified intraoperative parathormone assay for primary hyperparathyroidism in a resource-limited setting. Biomarkers in medicine. 2021 Apr:15(5):331-336. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0225.
Knepprath JK, McHenry CR. How often are intrathyroidal parathyroid glands a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, and how should they be managed? Surgery. 2024 Mar:175(3):794-798. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.06.061.
Cansu GB. An effective and safe alternative treatment method in parathyroid adenomas: Radiofrequency ablation. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU. 2022 May:50(4):547-548. doi: 10.1002/jcu.23180.
Ebrahiminik H, Chegeni H, Mosadegh Khah A, Salouti R, Ghomashchi G, Deldar Pasikhani M, Heydari I, Shamsi K, Beiranvand B, Azimi Aval MR, Mohammadi A, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Fadaee N. Radiofrequency ablation of parathyroid adenomas causing primary hyperparathyroidism: A report of 27 patients. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU. 2022 May:50(4):540-546. doi: 10.1002/jcu.23181.
Cartwright C, Anastasopoulou C. Hungry Bone Syndrome. StatPearls. 2025 Jan
Jain N, Reilly RF. Hungry bone syndrome. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2017 Jul:26(4):250-255. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000327.
Garla VV, Salim S, Kovvuru KR, Subauste A. Hungry bone syndrome secondary to prostate cancer successfully treated with radium therapy. BMJ case reports. 2018 Jul 6:2018():. pii: bcr-2018-225039. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225039.
Turner J, Gittoes N, Selby P, Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee. SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute hypocalcaemia in adult patients. Endocrine connections. 2016 Sep:5(5):G7-G8
Elsherbiny TM. Hypovitaminosis D masking hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism: case report. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism. 2023:14():20420188231213208. doi: 10.1177/20420188231213208.
Pasieka JL, Parsons L, Jones J. The long-term benefit of parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism: a 10-year prospective surgical outcome study. Surgery. 2009 Dec:146(6):1006-13. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.021.
Storvall S, Ryhänen EM, Heiskanen I, Sintonen H, Roine RP, Schalin-Jäntti C. Surgery Significantly Improves Neurocognition, Sleep, and Blood Pressure in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A 3-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2017 Oct:49(10):772-777. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-118347.
Bollerslev J, Jansson S, Mollerup CL, Nordenström J, Lundgren E, Tørring O, Varhaug JE, Baranowski M, Aanderud S, Franco C, Freyschuss B, Isaksen GA, Ueland T, Rosen T. Medical observation, compared with parathyroidectomy, for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2007 May:92(5):1687-92
Eastell R, Brandi ML, Costa AG, D'Amour P, Shoback DM, Thakker RV. Diagnosis of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014 Oct:99(10):3570-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1414
Authors
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abdullah Qasem, Riyad Ibrahim Ali Zaidan, Ali Ahmed Mohammed Alsharif, Mohammed Saleh Saeed Alsufyani, Mohammad Olayan Alenezi, Fuad Hamdan Alsahafe, Abdullah Muslat Dohim Alboqami, Yahya Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi, Alshammari Abdullatif Habbas, Sami Hammead Alonazi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.