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Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)

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September 29, 2026
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September 29, 2026

Copyright (c) 2026 Hussam Ali Mohammed Alasam, Rawan Ghazi Hasan Kadarjan, Rawan Ahmed Abdullah Qimash, Naif Hayshan Awadh Almushayti, Nada Ahmed Awis, Ikhlas Ali Khawaji, Abdulaziz Mohammad Alshahrani, Mohammed Hassan Ali Asiri, Manal Matar Alenizi, Naif Nasser Albalawi, Mohammad Hassan Alhuwaity

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Sepsis: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Early Recognition, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention-An Updated Review

https://doi.org/10.64483/202631787
Hussam Ali Mohammed Alasam
General Administration of Prison Health, Dammam Prison Health Center, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Rawan Ghazi Hasan Kadarjan
Jeddah Rehabilitation Center, General Administration of Prison Health, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Rawan Ahmed Abdullah Qimash
Jeddah Rehabilitation Center, General Administration of Prison Health, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Naif Hayshan Awadh Almushayti
Specialized Comprehensive Clinics of Security Forces, Al-Kharj, Riyadh Health Cluster / Security Forces Hospital Program, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Nada Ahmed Awis
Jeddah Rehabilitation Center Women’s Health Center, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Ikhlas Ali Khawaji
Medical Cities Program, Riyadh, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Abdulaziz Mohammad Alshahrani
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Hassan Ali Asiri
General Directorate of Passports, Medical Services affiliated with the Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Manal Matar Alenizi
Comprehensive Specialized Clinics of Security Forces, Tabuk, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Naif Nasser Albalawi
Comprehensive Polyclinics of Security Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Hassan Alhuwaity
Comprehensive Polyclinics of Security Forces, Tabuk, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author(s) : Hussam Ali Mohammed Alasam

mmkzo00010@gmail.com

Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)

Abstract

Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly during the first weeks of life. Early-onset sepsis (EOS), occurring within the first 72 hours after birth, is mainly associated with maternal and perinatal risk factors, whereas late-onset sepsis (LOS) is linked to healthcare exposure and neonatal vulnerability. Early recognition remains difficult because clinical manifestations are often nonspecific.


Aim: This review summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, aetiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and multidisciplinary management of neonatal sepsis, with emphasis on EOS and LOS.


Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ClinicalKey. Evidence addressing neonatal sepsis definitions, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, biomarkers, antimicrobial therapy, prevention, complications, and antimicrobial stewardship was reviewed and synthesized.


Results: EOS is commonly associated with maternal Group B Streptococcus colonization, intra-amniotic infection, prolonged rupture of membranes, and prematurity. LOS is associated with prematurity, prolonged hospitalization, invasive procedures, and healthcare exposure. Clinical signs include respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal abnormalities, but none reliably excludes infection. Blood culture remains central to diagnosis, while inflammatory biomarkers can support clinical assessment. Risk-based assessment and serial clinical observation can reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure in well-appearing neonates. Suspected sepsis requires prompt cultures and empiric antimicrobial therapy, commonly involving ampicillin or benzylpenicillin with an aminoglycoside, followed by modification according to microbiological results and local resistance patterns. Supportive respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic management remains essential.


Conclusion: Effective neonatal sepsis care requires early recognition, risk-based assessment, timely antimicrobial treatment, infection prevention, and antimicrobial stewardship within a coordinated multidisciplinary pathway.

Keywords

neonatal sepsis; early-onset sepsis; late-onset sepsis; Group B Streptococcus; neonatal infection; biomarkers; antimicrobial therapy; antimicrobial stewardship; newborn; prevention.
Alasam, H. A. M., Kadarjan, R. G. H., Qimash, R. A. A., Almushayti, N. H. A., Awis, N. A., Khawaji, I. A., … Alhuwaity, M. H. (2026). Sepsis: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Early Recognition, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention-An Updated Review . Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 3(1), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.64483/202631787
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