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Copyright (c) 2024 Ayman Mohamed Ghazali Gad El-Karim, Mishari Mohammed Mohammed Al-Fawwa, Hanof Mohammed Ibrahim, Hamad Hadi Saeed Aldughman, Faisal Saud Sh. Al-Ruwaili, Abdulaziz Saleh Saad Al-Yahya, Mohammed Ayed Al-Rashidi, Ghallah Meatg Mazey Al-Rashidi, Saad Ghalib Al-Harbi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Role of Digital Health Literacy in Modern Healthcare: Implications for Nurses, Radiologic Technologists, Pharmacists, Medical Secretaries, and Health Administrators
Corresponding Author(s) : Ayman Mohamed Ghazali Gad El-Karim
Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024)
Abstract
Digital health literacy (DHL) has emerged as a foundational competency for the contemporary healthcare workforce as health systems worldwide undergo rapid digital transformation. This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the role of DHL across five key professional groups: nurses, radiologic technologists, pharmacists, medical secretaries, and health administrators. Drawing on literature published between 2016 and 2025, the review examines conceptualizations of DHL, its measured levels across professions, and its implications for clinical practice, patient safety, and organizational performance. Evidence indicates that DHL levels vary considerably across and within professions, with education, professional role, and organizational support serving as consistent predictors. The review identifies significant gaps in profession-specific DHL frameworks, standardized assessment tools, and targeted educational interventions. Interprofessional and organizational approaches to enhancing DHL are discussed, alongside recommendations for policy, education, and future research. The findings underscore that DHL is no longer optional but essential for all healthcare roles in the digital era.
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- 1. Abdulaziz, A. A., Algosaibi, A. M., Alquhaibi, A. S., Alali, F. N., Almutawaa, M. S., Roomi, M. A., & Bhatti, Y. A. (2023). Digital healthcare innovation and development in Saudi Arabia during and beyond COVID-19. Science, Technology and Society, 28(3), 370-386.
- 2. Ahmed, M. H., Guadie, H. A., Ngusie, H. S., Teferi, G. H., Gullslett, M. K., Hailegebreal, S., ... & Mengiste, S. A. (2022). Digital health literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic among health care providers in resource-limited settings: cross-sectional study. JMIR nursing, 5(1), e39866.
- 3. Alanazi, M. A., Nasser Al-Zughaibi, S. B. M., Al-Harbi, F. B. S., & Dhifallah Al Dhaheri, M. B. A. (2024). Digital Health Integration in Radiological Screening Practices: Opportunities and Challenges for Technicians in Saudi Vision 2030. Journal of International Crisis & Risk Communication Research (JICRCR), 7, 2499.
- 4. Alzghaibi, H. A. (2023). An examination of large-scale electronic health records implementation in Primary Healthcare Centers in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1121327.
- 5. Ban, S., Kim, Y., & Seomun, G. (2024). Digital health literacy: a concept analysis. Digital health, 10, 20552076241287894.
- 6. Bremer, D., Klockmann, I., Jaß, L., Härter, M., von dem Knesebeck, O., & Lüdecke, D. (2021). Which criteria characterize a health literate health care organization?–a scoping review on organizational health literacy. BMC health services research, 21(1), 664.
- 7. Brørs, G., Larsen, M. H., Hølvold, L. B., & Wahl, A. K. (2023). eHealth literacy among hospital health care providers: a systematic review. BMC health services research, 23(1), 1144.
- 8. Crotty, E., Singh, A., Neligan, N., Chamunyonga, C., & Edwards, C. (2024). Artificial intelligence in medical imaging education: recommendations for undergraduate curriculum development. Radiography, 30, 67-73.
- 9. Darnell, J. C., Lou, M., & Goldstone, L. W. (2023). Evaluating change in student pharmacists’ familiarity, attitudes, comfort, and knowledge as a result of integrating digital health topics into a case conference series: cohort study. JMIR Medical Education, 9(1), e43313.
- 10. Das, S., Grant, L., & Fernandes, G. (2023). Task shifting healthcare services in the post-COVID world: A scoping review. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(12), e0001712.
- 11. Dijkman, E. M., Ter Brake, W. W., Drossaert, C. H., & Doggen, C. J. (2023, December). Assessment tools for measuring health literacy and digital health literacy in a hospital setting: a scoping review. In Healthcare (Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 11). MDPI.
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- 13. Ilkic, J., Milosevic Georgiev, A., Lakic, D., & Marinkovic, V. (2023). Exploring experiences of pharmacists and pharmacy students using mHealth apps: A qualitative study of user experience. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 18(1), 2245606.
- 14. Jain, S. R., Sui, Y., Ng, C. H., Chen, Z. X., Goh, L. H., & Shorey, S. (2020). Patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives towards technology-assisted diabetes self-management education. A qualitative systematic review. PloS one, 15(8), e0237647.
- 15. Kasaye, M. D., Kebede, N., Kalayou, M. H., Kebede, S. D., & Molla, A. (2024). Digital health literacy and associated factors among health professionals during the outbreak of corona virus pandemic in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digital health, 10, 20552076241271799.
- 16. Kayyali, R., Wells, J., Rahmtullah, N., Tahsin, A., Gafoor, A., Harrap, N., & Nabhani-Gebara, S. (2021). Development and evaluation of a serious game to support learning among pharmacy and nursing students. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 13(8), 998-1009.
- 17. Kuek, A., & Hakkennes, S. (2020). Healthcare staff digital literacy levels and their attitudes towards information systems. Health informatics journal, 26(1), 592-612.
- 18. Longhini, J., Rossettini, G., & Palese, A. (2022). Digital health competencies among health care professionals: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 24(8), e36414.
- 19. Machleid, F., Kaczmarczyk, R., Johann, D., Balčiūnas, J., Atienza-Carbonell, B., von Maltzahn, F., & Mosch, L. (2020). Perceptions of digital health education among European medical students: mixed methods survey. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e19827.
- 20. Madsen, C., Poropatich, R., & Koehlmoos, T. P. (2023). Telehealth in the Military Health System: impact, obstacles, and opportunities. Military Medicine, 188(Supplement_1), 15-23.
- 21. Malamateniou, C., McFadden, S., McQuinlan, Y., England, A., Woznitza, N., Goldsworthy, S., ... & O'Regan, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence: guidance for clinical imaging and therapeutic radiography professionals, a summary by the Society of Radiographers AI working group. Radiography, 27(4), 1192-1202.
- 22. Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., Meilianti, S., Khatri, B., Yi, W., Azzopardi, L. M., Acosta Gómez, J., ... & Uzman, N. (2021). Digital health in pharmacy education: Preparedness and responsiveness of pharmacy programmes. Education Sciences, 11(6), 296.
- 23. Morimoto, Y., Lian, C. P. L., Lai, C., Kyogoku, S., & Daida, H. (2024). Health literacy in medical imaging: a scoping review of current evidence and future directions. Public Health, 234, 84-90.
- 24. Muir, S. D., de Boer, K., Nedeljkovic, M., & Meyer, D. (2020). Barriers and facilitators of videoconferencing psychotherapy implementation in veteran mental health care environments: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 999.
- 25. Naamati-Schneider, L., & Alt, D. (2024). Digital Transformation: Building eHealth Literacy Skills Among Healthcare Managers. In Technology and Competency-Oriented Learning: Effective Methods for Training the Next Cohort of Healthcare Managers (pp. 85-100). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- 26. Ndejjo, R., Ssemugabo, C., Osuret, J., Zziwa, E. B., Fonn, S., Alfvén, T., ... & Wanyenze, R. K. (2022). Positioning Africa’s public health doctoral students to lead societal transformation and development. BMJ Global Health, 7(2), e007996.
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- 28. Palese, A., Brugnolli, A., Achil, I., Mattiussi, E., Fabris, S., Kajander-Unkuri, S., ... & Danielis, M. (2022). The first COVID-19 new graduate nurses generation: findings from an Italian cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 21(1), 101.
- 29. Palumbo, R., Nicola, C., & Adinolfi, P. (2022). Addressing health literacy in the digital domain: insights from a literature review. Kybernetes, 51(13), 82-97.
- 30. Paudyal, V., Cadogan, C., Fialová, D., Henman, M. C., Hazen, A., Okuyan, B., ... & Stewart, D. (2021). Provision of clinical pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences of pharmacists from 16 European countries. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(8), 1507-1517.
- 31. Salameh, B., Amarneh, D. B. S., Abdallah, J., Ayed, A., & Hammad, B. M. (2023). Evaluation of clinical competence and job satisfaction and their related factors among emergency nurses in Palestinian hospitals. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, 23779608231208581.
- 32. Senbekov, M., Saliev, T., Bukeyeva, Z., Almabayeva, A., Zhanaliyeva, M., Aitenova, N., ... & Fakhradiyev, I. (2020). The recent progress and applications of digital technologies in healthcare: a review. International journal of telemedicine and applications, 2020(1), 8830200.
- 33. Uzman, N., Selçuk, A., & Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. (2023). Nourishing education to digitally enable pharmacists. In Pharmaceutical Care in Digital Revolution (pp. 301-323). Academic Press.
- 34. Vukmirović, D., Krajnović, D., & Odalović, M. (2023). Perceptions of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals on marketed mobile applications used for self-management by type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 22(4), 917-925.
- 35. Wilandika, A., Pandin, M. G. R., & Yusuf, A. (2023). The roles of nurses in supporting health literacy: a scoping review. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1022803.
- 36. World Health Organization. (2019). WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. World Health Organization.
- 37. Wosny, M., Strasser, L. M., & Hastings, J. (2023). Experience of health care professionals using digital tools in the hospital: qualitative systematic review. JMIR human factors, 10(1), e50357.
- 38. Wubante, S. M., Tegegne, M. D., Melaku, M. S., Mengiste, N. D., Fentahun, A., Zemene, W., ... & Walle, A. D. (2023). Healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitude and its associated factors toward electronic personal health record system in a resource-limited setting: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1114456.
- 39. Yoğurtcu, H., & Ozturk Haney, M. (2022). The relationship between e-health literacy and health-promoting behaviors of Turkish hospital nurses. Global Health Promotion, 29(4), 54-62.
- 40. Yoon, J., Lee, M., & Cho, J. (2024). Concept of digital health literacy: a scoping review. Public Health Weekly Report, 17(48), 2095.
References
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2. Ahmed, M. H., Guadie, H. A., Ngusie, H. S., Teferi, G. H., Gullslett, M. K., Hailegebreal, S., ... & Mengiste, S. A. (2022). Digital health literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic among health care providers in resource-limited settings: cross-sectional study. JMIR nursing, 5(1), e39866.
3. Alanazi, M. A., Nasser Al-Zughaibi, S. B. M., Al-Harbi, F. B. S., & Dhifallah Al Dhaheri, M. B. A. (2024). Digital Health Integration in Radiological Screening Practices: Opportunities and Challenges for Technicians in Saudi Vision 2030. Journal of International Crisis & Risk Communication Research (JICRCR), 7, 2499.
4. Alzghaibi, H. A. (2023). An examination of large-scale electronic health records implementation in Primary Healthcare Centers in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1121327.
5. Ban, S., Kim, Y., & Seomun, G. (2024). Digital health literacy: a concept analysis. Digital health, 10, 20552076241287894.
6. Bremer, D., Klockmann, I., Jaß, L., Härter, M., von dem Knesebeck, O., & Lüdecke, D. (2021). Which criteria characterize a health literate health care organization?–a scoping review on organizational health literacy. BMC health services research, 21(1), 664.
7. Brørs, G., Larsen, M. H., Hølvold, L. B., & Wahl, A. K. (2023). eHealth literacy among hospital health care providers: a systematic review. BMC health services research, 23(1), 1144.
8. Crotty, E., Singh, A., Neligan, N., Chamunyonga, C., & Edwards, C. (2024). Artificial intelligence in medical imaging education: recommendations for undergraduate curriculum development. Radiography, 30, 67-73.
9. Darnell, J. C., Lou, M., & Goldstone, L. W. (2023). Evaluating change in student pharmacists’ familiarity, attitudes, comfort, and knowledge as a result of integrating digital health topics into a case conference series: cohort study. JMIR Medical Education, 9(1), e43313.
10. Das, S., Grant, L., & Fernandes, G. (2023). Task shifting healthcare services in the post-COVID world: A scoping review. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(12), e0001712.
11. Dijkman, E. M., Ter Brake, W. W., Drossaert, C. H., & Doggen, C. J. (2023, December). Assessment tools for measuring health literacy and digital health literacy in a hospital setting: a scoping review. In Healthcare (Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 11). MDPI.
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14. Jain, S. R., Sui, Y., Ng, C. H., Chen, Z. X., Goh, L. H., & Shorey, S. (2020). Patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives towards technology-assisted diabetes self-management education. A qualitative systematic review. PloS one, 15(8), e0237647.
15. Kasaye, M. D., Kebede, N., Kalayou, M. H., Kebede, S. D., & Molla, A. (2024). Digital health literacy and associated factors among health professionals during the outbreak of corona virus pandemic in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digital health, 10, 20552076241271799.
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20. Madsen, C., Poropatich, R., & Koehlmoos, T. P. (2023). Telehealth in the Military Health System: impact, obstacles, and opportunities. Military Medicine, 188(Supplement_1), 15-23.
21. Malamateniou, C., McFadden, S., McQuinlan, Y., England, A., Woznitza, N., Goldsworthy, S., ... & O'Regan, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence: guidance for clinical imaging and therapeutic radiography professionals, a summary by the Society of Radiographers AI working group. Radiography, 27(4), 1192-1202.
22. Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., Meilianti, S., Khatri, B., Yi, W., Azzopardi, L. M., Acosta Gómez, J., ... & Uzman, N. (2021). Digital health in pharmacy education: Preparedness and responsiveness of pharmacy programmes. Education Sciences, 11(6), 296.
23. Morimoto, Y., Lian, C. P. L., Lai, C., Kyogoku, S., & Daida, H. (2024). Health literacy in medical imaging: a scoping review of current evidence and future directions. Public Health, 234, 84-90.
24. Muir, S. D., de Boer, K., Nedeljkovic, M., & Meyer, D. (2020). Barriers and facilitators of videoconferencing psychotherapy implementation in veteran mental health care environments: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 999.
25. Naamati-Schneider, L., & Alt, D. (2024). Digital Transformation: Building eHealth Literacy Skills Among Healthcare Managers. In Technology and Competency-Oriented Learning: Effective Methods for Training the Next Cohort of Healthcare Managers (pp. 85-100). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
26. Ndejjo, R., Ssemugabo, C., Osuret, J., Zziwa, E. B., Fonn, S., Alfvén, T., ... & Wanyenze, R. K. (2022). Positioning Africa’s public health doctoral students to lead societal transformation and development. BMJ Global Health, 7(2), e007996.
27. Obarcanin, E., Aslani, P., Ho, A. H., Bandiera, C., Baysari, M., Bojic, I., ... & Läer, S. (2024). Exploring research and education opportunities in digital health for pharmacy, medicine and other health disciplines: Insights from a multinational workshop. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 15, 100469.
28. Palese, A., Brugnolli, A., Achil, I., Mattiussi, E., Fabris, S., Kajander-Unkuri, S., ... & Danielis, M. (2022). The first COVID-19 new graduate nurses generation: findings from an Italian cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 21(1), 101.
29. Palumbo, R., Nicola, C., & Adinolfi, P. (2022). Addressing health literacy in the digital domain: insights from a literature review. Kybernetes, 51(13), 82-97.
30. Paudyal, V., Cadogan, C., Fialová, D., Henman, M. C., Hazen, A., Okuyan, B., ... & Stewart, D. (2021). Provision of clinical pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences of pharmacists from 16 European countries. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(8), 1507-1517.
31. Salameh, B., Amarneh, D. B. S., Abdallah, J., Ayed, A., & Hammad, B. M. (2023). Evaluation of clinical competence and job satisfaction and their related factors among emergency nurses in Palestinian hospitals. SAGE Open Nursing, 9, 23779608231208581.
32. Senbekov, M., Saliev, T., Bukeyeva, Z., Almabayeva, A., Zhanaliyeva, M., Aitenova, N., ... & Fakhradiyev, I. (2020). The recent progress and applications of digital technologies in healthcare: a review. International journal of telemedicine and applications, 2020(1), 8830200.
33. Uzman, N., Selçuk, A., & Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. (2023). Nourishing education to digitally enable pharmacists. In Pharmaceutical Care in Digital Revolution (pp. 301-323). Academic Press.
34. Vukmirović, D., Krajnović, D., & Odalović, M. (2023). Perceptions of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals on marketed mobile applications used for self-management by type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 22(4), 917-925.
35. Wilandika, A., Pandin, M. G. R., & Yusuf, A. (2023). The roles of nurses in supporting health literacy: a scoping review. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1022803.
36. World Health Organization. (2019). WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. World Health Organization.
37. Wosny, M., Strasser, L. M., & Hastings, J. (2023). Experience of health care professionals using digital tools in the hospital: qualitative systematic review. JMIR human factors, 10(1), e50357.
38. Wubante, S. M., Tegegne, M. D., Melaku, M. S., Mengiste, N. D., Fentahun, A., Zemene, W., ... & Walle, A. D. (2023). Healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitude and its associated factors toward electronic personal health record system in a resource-limited setting: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1114456.
39. Yoğurtcu, H., & Ozturk Haney, M. (2022). The relationship between e-health literacy and health-promoting behaviors of Turkish hospital nurses. Global Health Promotion, 29(4), 54-62.
40. Yoon, J., Lee, M., & Cho, J. (2024). Concept of digital health literacy: a scoping review. Public Health Weekly Report, 17(48), 2095.