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Copyright (c) 2025 Samih Mohammed Hassan Mousa, Mansour Mayudh S. Alharthi, Ali Mohammed Ali Hamdi, Faisal Mohammed Mohammed Hazazi, Bandar Mahdi Ahmed Mobarki, Khalid Hassan Yousef Mobarki, Rahaf Hussain Ali Daghriry, Norah Saleh Fathuldeen Sumayli, Fahhad Muflih Faleh Aldawsari

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Algorithmic Frameworks for Health Security Management and Hospital Administration
Corresponding Author(s) : Samih Mohammed Hassan Mousa
Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Abstract
Background: The rapid digital transformation of healthcare has significantly improved clinical efficiency, interoperability, and patient-centered care through the widespread adoption of electronic health records, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices, telemedicine, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. However, this increased connectivity has simultaneously expanded the cybersecurity threat landscape, exposing healthcare organizations to sophisticated attacks that threaten patient privacy, data integrity, and service continuity. Blockchain technology and intelligent algorithmic approaches have emerged as promising solutions for strengthening healthcare cybersecurity while ensuring secure and transparent data management.
Aim: This review aimed to examine blockchain-based and algorithm-driven health security systems, evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating major cyber threats, and identify current challenges, limitations, and future research directions for securing modern healthcare information systems.
Methods: A comprehensive narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on blockchain architectures, artificial intelligence, cryptographic techniques, intrusion detection systems, access control mechanisms, and cybersecurity frameworks designed for healthcare environments. The reviewed studies were analyzed according to system architecture, security performance, attack mitigation capabilities, and implementation challenges.
Results: The reviewed evidence demonstrated that blockchain-based systems significantly improve data integrity, authentication, transparency, traceability, and secure information sharing. Integrated artificial intelligence and cryptographic algorithms effectively mitigated unauthorized access, ransomware, denial-of-service, man-in-the-middle, data tampering, and privacy leakage attacks. Despite these advantages, challenges related to scalability, computational overhead, latency, interoperability, and user adoption remain barriers to widespread implementation.
Conclusion: Blockchain integrated with advanced algorithmic security provides a robust foundation for protecting healthcare information systems. Continued advancements in artificial intelligence, scalable blockchain architectures, and adaptive cybersecurity strategies will be essential for developing resilient, secure, and trustworthy digital healthcare ecosystems.
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- Almalawi, A.; Khan, A.I.; Alsolami, F.; Abushark, Y.B.; Alfakeeh, A.S. Managing Security of Healthcare Data for a Modern Healthcare System. Sensors 2023, 23, 3612.
- Javaid, M.; Haleem, A.; Singh, R.P.; Suman, R. Towards Insighting Cybersecurity for Healthcare Domains: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Practices and Trends. Cyber Secur. Appl. 2023, 1, 100016.
- Lee, I. Analyzing Web Descriptions of Cybersecurity Breaches in the Healthcare Provider Sector: A Content Analytics Research Method. Comput. Secur. 2023, 129, 103185.
- Mariettou, S.; Koutsojannis, C.; Triantafillou, V. Security Systems in Greek Health Care Institutions: A Scoping Review Towards an Effective Benchmarking Approach. In Proceedings of the International Conferences e-Society 2024 and Mobile Learning, Porto, Portugal, 9–11 March 2024; pp. 53–60.
- Coutinho, B.; Ferreira, J.; Yevseyeva, I.; Basto-Fernandes, V. Integrated Cybersecurity Methodology and Supporting Tools for Healthcare Operational Information Systems. Comput. Secur. 2023, 129, 103189.
- Angraal, S.; Krumholz, H.M.; Schulz, W.L. Blockchain Technology. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 2017, 10, e003800.
- Azzaoui, A.E.; Chen, H.; Kim, S.H.; Pan, Y.; Park, J.H. Blockchain-Based Distributed Information Hiding Framework for Data Privacy Preserving in Medical Supply Chain Systems. Sensors 2022, 22, 1371.
- Riplinger, L.; Piera-Jiménez, J.; Dooling, J.P. Patient Identification Techniques—Approaches, Implications, and Findings. Yearb. Med. Inform. 2020, 29, 81–86.
- Ali, R.; Pal, A.K.; Kumari, S.; Sangaiah, A.K.; Li, X.; Wu, F. An Enhanced Three Factor Based Authentication Protocol Using Wireless Medical Sensor Networks for Healthcare Monitoring. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 2018, 15, 1165–1186.
- Intrusion Detection System for Healthcare Systems Using Medical and Network Data: A Comparison Study. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9109651
- Kanagala, P. Effective Cyber Security System to Secure Optical Data Based on Deep Learning Approach for Healthcare Application. Optik 2022, 272, 170315.
- Sardar, A.; Umer, S.; Rout, R.K.; Wang, S.-H.; Tanveer, M. A Secure Face Recognition for IoT-Enabled Healthcare System. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. 2022, 19, 1–23.
- Natarajan, R.; Lokesh, G.H.; Flammini, F.; Premkumar, A.; Venkatesan, V.K.; Gupta, S.K. A Novel Framework on Security and Energy Enhancement Based on Internet of Medical Things for Healthcare 5.0. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 22.
- Ravi, V. Deep Learning-Based Network Intrusion Detection in Smart Healthcare Enterprise Systems. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2023, 83, 39097–39115.
- Tariq, N.; Qamar, A.; Asim, M.; Khan, F.A. Blockchain and Smart Healthcare Security: A Survey. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2020, 175, 615–620.
- Puri, V.; Kataria, A.; Sharma, V. Artificial Intelligence-powered Decentralized Framework for Internet of Things in Healthcare 4.0. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 2021, 35, e4245.
- Abid, A.; Cheikhrouhou, S.; Kallel, S.; Tari, Z.; Jmaiel, M. A Smart Contract-Based Access Control Framework for Smart Healthcare Systems. Comput. J. 2022, 67, 407–422.
- Sharma, P.; Namasudra, S.; Crespo, R.G.; Parra-Fuente, J.; Trivedi, M.C. EHDHE: Enhancing Security of Healthcare Documents in IoT-Enabled Digital Healthcare Ecosystems Using Blockchain. Inf. Sci. 2023, 629, 703–718.
- Selvarajan, S.; Mouratidis, H. A Quantum Trust and Consultative Transaction-Based Blockchain Cybersecurity Model for Healthcare Systems. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 7107.
- Rani, S.; Chauhan, M.; Kataria, A.; Khang, A. IoT Equipped Intelligent Distributed Framework for Smart Healthcare Systems. In Studies in Big Data; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2023; pp. 97–114.
- Akinola, O.; Akinola, A.; Oyekan, B.; Oyerinde, O.; Adebiyi, H.F.; Sulaimon, B. Blockchain-Enabled Security Solutions for Medical Device Integrity and Provenance in Cloud Environments. Int. J. Sci. Res. Mod. Technol. 2024, 3, 123–135.
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- An AOI-Aware Data Transmission Algorithm in Blockchain-Based Intelligent Healthcare Systems. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10433851
- Wu, C.; Tang, Y.M.; Kuo, W.T.; Yip, H.T.; Chau, K.Y. Healthcare 5.0: A Secure and Distributed Network for System Informatics in Medical Surgery. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2024, 186, 105415.
- Mallick, S.R.; Lenka, R.K.; Tripathy, P.K.; Rao, D.C.; Sharma, S.; Ray, N.K. A Lightweight, Secure, and Scalable Blockchain-Fog-IoMT Healthcare Framework with IPFS Data Storage for Healthcare 4.0. SN Comput. Sci. 2024, 5, 198.
- Idrissi, H.; Palmieri, P. Agent-Based Blockchain Model for Robust Authentication and Authorization in IoT-Based Healthcare Systems. J. Supercomput. 2023, 80, 6622–6660.
- Chakraborty, C.; Nagarajan, S.M.; Devarajan, G.G.; Ramana, T.V.; Mohanty, R. Intelligent AI-Based Healthcare Cyber Security System Using Multi-Source Transfer Learning Method. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. 2023.
- Banu, S.A.; Al-Alawi, A.I.; Padmaa, M.; Priya, P.S.; Thanikaiselvan, V.; Amirtharajan, R. Healthcare with Datacare—A Triangular DNA Security. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2023, 83, 21153–21170.
- Jabeen, T.; Jabeen, I.; Ashraf, H.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Yassine, A.; Hossain, M.S. An Intelligent Healthcare System Using IoT in Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors 2023, 23, 5055.
- Anand, A.; Bedi, J.; Aggarwal, A.; Khan, M.A.; Rida, I. Authenticating and Securing Healthcare Records: A Deep Learning-Based Zero Watermarking Approach. Image Vis. Comput. 2024, 145, 104975.
- Aldosary, A.; Tanveer, M. PAAF-SHS: PUF and Authenticated Encryption Based Authentication Framework for the IoT-Enabled Smart Healthcare System. Internet Things 2024, 26, 101159.
- Gopalakrishnan, N.R.; Kumar, N.R.M.S. Cloud Security System for ECG Transmission and Monitoring Based on Chaotic Logistic Maps. J. Adv. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2024, 39, 1–18.
- Wenhua, Z.; Hasan, M.K.; Jailani, N.B.; Islam, S.; Safie, N.; Albarakati, H.M.; Aljohani, A.; Khan, M.A. A Lightweight Security Model for Ensuring Patient Privacy and Confidentiality in Telehealth Applications. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2024, 153, 108134.
- Pichandi, K.V.; Janarthanan, V.; Annamalai, T.; Arumugam, M. Enhancing Healthcare in the Digital Era: A Secure e-Health System for Heart Disease Prediction and Cloud Security. Expert Syst. Appl. 2024, 255, 124479.
- Saini, K.K.; Kaur, D.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, B. An Efficient Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Healthcare Sensor Networks. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2024, 83, 63699–63721.
- Nadhan, A.S.; Jacob, I.J. Enhancing Healthcare Security in the Digital Era: Safeguarding Medical Images with Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques in IoT Healthcare Applications. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 2024, 88, 105511.
- Clemente-Lopez, D.; De Jesus Rangel-Magdaleno, J.; Muñoz-Pacheco, J.M. A Lightweight Chaos-Based Encryption Scheme for IoT Healthcare Systems. Internet Things 2023, 25, 101032.
- Abuasal, S.; Alsarayra, K.; Alyabroodie, Z. Designing a Standard-Based Approach for Security of Healthcare Systems. J. Stat. Appl. Probab. 2024, 13, 419–434.
- Snehi, M.; Bhandari, A. Vulnerability Retrospection of Security Solutions for Software-Defined Cyber–Physical System against DDoS and IoT-DDoS Attacks. Comput. Sci. Rev. 2021, 40, 100371.
- Ali, A. Ransomware: A Research and a Personal Case Study of Dealing with This Nasty Malware. Available online: https://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3707
References
Almalawi, A.; Khan, A.I.; Alsolami, F.; Abushark, Y.B.; Alfakeeh, A.S. Managing Security of Healthcare Data for a Modern Healthcare System. Sensors 2023, 23, 3612.
Javaid, M.; Haleem, A.; Singh, R.P.; Suman, R. Towards Insighting Cybersecurity for Healthcare Domains: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Practices and Trends. Cyber Secur. Appl. 2023, 1, 100016.
Lee, I. Analyzing Web Descriptions of Cybersecurity Breaches in the Healthcare Provider Sector: A Content Analytics Research Method. Comput. Secur. 2023, 129, 103185.
Mariettou, S.; Koutsojannis, C.; Triantafillou, V. Security Systems in Greek Health Care Institutions: A Scoping Review Towards an Effective Benchmarking Approach. In Proceedings of the International Conferences e-Society 2024 and Mobile Learning, Porto, Portugal, 9–11 March 2024; pp. 53–60.
Coutinho, B.; Ferreira, J.; Yevseyeva, I.; Basto-Fernandes, V. Integrated Cybersecurity Methodology and Supporting Tools for Healthcare Operational Information Systems. Comput. Secur. 2023, 129, 103189.
Angraal, S.; Krumholz, H.M.; Schulz, W.L. Blockchain Technology. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 2017, 10, e003800.
Azzaoui, A.E.; Chen, H.; Kim, S.H.; Pan, Y.; Park, J.H. Blockchain-Based Distributed Information Hiding Framework for Data Privacy Preserving in Medical Supply Chain Systems. Sensors 2022, 22, 1371.
Riplinger, L.; Piera-Jiménez, J.; Dooling, J.P. Patient Identification Techniques—Approaches, Implications, and Findings. Yearb. Med. Inform. 2020, 29, 81–86.
Ali, R.; Pal, A.K.; Kumari, S.; Sangaiah, A.K.; Li, X.; Wu, F. An Enhanced Three Factor Based Authentication Protocol Using Wireless Medical Sensor Networks for Healthcare Monitoring. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 2018, 15, 1165–1186.
Intrusion Detection System for Healthcare Systems Using Medical and Network Data: A Comparison Study. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9109651
Kanagala, P. Effective Cyber Security System to Secure Optical Data Based on Deep Learning Approach for Healthcare Application. Optik 2022, 272, 170315.
Sardar, A.; Umer, S.; Rout, R.K.; Wang, S.-H.; Tanveer, M. A Secure Face Recognition for IoT-Enabled Healthcare System. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. 2022, 19, 1–23.
Natarajan, R.; Lokesh, G.H.; Flammini, F.; Premkumar, A.; Venkatesan, V.K.; Gupta, S.K. A Novel Framework on Security and Energy Enhancement Based on Internet of Medical Things for Healthcare 5.0. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 22.
Ravi, V. Deep Learning-Based Network Intrusion Detection in Smart Healthcare Enterprise Systems. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2023, 83, 39097–39115.
Tariq, N.; Qamar, A.; Asim, M.; Khan, F.A. Blockchain and Smart Healthcare Security: A Survey. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2020, 175, 615–620.
Puri, V.; Kataria, A.; Sharma, V. Artificial Intelligence-powered Decentralized Framework for Internet of Things in Healthcare 4.0. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 2021, 35, e4245.
Abid, A.; Cheikhrouhou, S.; Kallel, S.; Tari, Z.; Jmaiel, M. A Smart Contract-Based Access Control Framework for Smart Healthcare Systems. Comput. J. 2022, 67, 407–422.
Sharma, P.; Namasudra, S.; Crespo, R.G.; Parra-Fuente, J.; Trivedi, M.C. EHDHE: Enhancing Security of Healthcare Documents in IoT-Enabled Digital Healthcare Ecosystems Using Blockchain. Inf. Sci. 2023, 629, 703–718.
Selvarajan, S.; Mouratidis, H. A Quantum Trust and Consultative Transaction-Based Blockchain Cybersecurity Model for Healthcare Systems. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 7107.
Rani, S.; Chauhan, M.; Kataria, A.; Khang, A. IoT Equipped Intelligent Distributed Framework for Smart Healthcare Systems. In Studies in Big Data; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2023; pp. 97–114.
Akinola, O.; Akinola, A.; Oyekan, B.; Oyerinde, O.; Adebiyi, H.F.; Sulaimon, B. Blockchain-Enabled Security Solutions for Medical Device Integrity and Provenance in Cloud Environments. Int. J. Sci. Res. Mod. Technol. 2024, 3, 123–135.
Mohammed, M.A.; Lakhan, A.; Zebari, D.A.; Ghani, M.K.A.; Marhoon, H.A.; Abdulkareem, K.H.; Nedoma, J.; Martinek, R. Securing Healthcare Data in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Using Combining Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 2024, 129, 107612.
An AOI-Aware Data Transmission Algorithm in Blockchain-Based Intelligent Healthcare Systems. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10433851
Wu, C.; Tang, Y.M.; Kuo, W.T.; Yip, H.T.; Chau, K.Y. Healthcare 5.0: A Secure and Distributed Network for System Informatics in Medical Surgery. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2024, 186, 105415.
Mallick, S.R.; Lenka, R.K.; Tripathy, P.K.; Rao, D.C.; Sharma, S.; Ray, N.K. A Lightweight, Secure, and Scalable Blockchain-Fog-IoMT Healthcare Framework with IPFS Data Storage for Healthcare 4.0. SN Comput. Sci. 2024, 5, 198.
Idrissi, H.; Palmieri, P. Agent-Based Blockchain Model for Robust Authentication and Authorization in IoT-Based Healthcare Systems. J. Supercomput. 2023, 80, 6622–6660.
Chakraborty, C.; Nagarajan, S.M.; Devarajan, G.G.; Ramana, T.V.; Mohanty, R. Intelligent AI-Based Healthcare Cyber Security System Using Multi-Source Transfer Learning Method. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw. 2023.
Banu, S.A.; Al-Alawi, A.I.; Padmaa, M.; Priya, P.S.; Thanikaiselvan, V.; Amirtharajan, R. Healthcare with Datacare—A Triangular DNA Security. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2023, 83, 21153–21170.
Jabeen, T.; Jabeen, I.; Ashraf, H.; Jhanjhi, N.Z.; Yassine, A.; Hossain, M.S. An Intelligent Healthcare System Using IoT in Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors 2023, 23, 5055.
Anand, A.; Bedi, J.; Aggarwal, A.; Khan, M.A.; Rida, I. Authenticating and Securing Healthcare Records: A Deep Learning-Based Zero Watermarking Approach. Image Vis. Comput. 2024, 145, 104975.
Aldosary, A.; Tanveer, M. PAAF-SHS: PUF and Authenticated Encryption Based Authentication Framework for the IoT-Enabled Smart Healthcare System. Internet Things 2024, 26, 101159.
Gopalakrishnan, N.R.; Kumar, N.R.M.S. Cloud Security System for ECG Transmission and Monitoring Based on Chaotic Logistic Maps. J. Adv. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2024, 39, 1–18.
Wenhua, Z.; Hasan, M.K.; Jailani, N.B.; Islam, S.; Safie, N.; Albarakati, H.M.; Aljohani, A.; Khan, M.A. A Lightweight Security Model for Ensuring Patient Privacy and Confidentiality in Telehealth Applications. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2024, 153, 108134.
Pichandi, K.V.; Janarthanan, V.; Annamalai, T.; Arumugam, M. Enhancing Healthcare in the Digital Era: A Secure e-Health System for Heart Disease Prediction and Cloud Security. Expert Syst. Appl. 2024, 255, 124479.
Saini, K.K.; Kaur, D.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, B. An Efficient Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Healthcare Sensor Networks. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2024, 83, 63699–63721.
Nadhan, A.S.; Jacob, I.J. Enhancing Healthcare Security in the Digital Era: Safeguarding Medical Images with Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques in IoT Healthcare Applications. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 2024, 88, 105511.
Clemente-Lopez, D.; De Jesus Rangel-Magdaleno, J.; Muñoz-Pacheco, J.M. A Lightweight Chaos-Based Encryption Scheme for IoT Healthcare Systems. Internet Things 2023, 25, 101032.
Abuasal, S.; Alsarayra, K.; Alyabroodie, Z. Designing a Standard-Based Approach for Security of Healthcare Systems. J. Stat. Appl. Probab. 2024, 13, 419–434.
Snehi, M.; Bhandari, A. Vulnerability Retrospection of Security Solutions for Software-Defined Cyber–Physical System against DDoS and IoT-DDoS Attacks. Comput. Sci. Rev. 2021, 40, 100371.
Ali, A. Ransomware: A Research and a Personal Case Study of Dealing with This Nasty Malware. Available online: https://www.informingscience.org/Publications/3707