Osteoporosis in Females: An Interdisciplinary Approach Integrating Nursing Care, Family Support, Social Determinants, Physiotherapists, and Laboratory Evaluation.
Abstract
Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitectural deterioration, leading to increased fragility and fracture risk. It represents a major global public health challenge, disproportionately affecting postmenopausal females due to the abrupt decline in estrogen, which accelerates bone resorption. The condition is often asymptomatic until a fragility fracture occurs, resulting in significant pain, disability, mortality, and societal cost.
Aim: This article synthesizes the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of osteoporosis in females and advocates for an interdisciplinary management approach. It aims to outline comprehensive evaluation strategies and evidence-based treatments, integrating the roles of nursing, family medicine, laboratory services, and social care to close pervasive screening and treatment gaps.
Methods: A comprehensive review is presented, covering the disease's historical context, pathophysiological mechanisms (including the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis), and diagnostic criteria using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Risk assessment tools like FRAX and laboratory evaluations for secondary causes are detailed. Management strategies, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, are systematically reviewed.
Results: Osteoporosis management requires a multifaceted strategy. First-line pharmacotherapy includes bisphosphonates and denosumab, while anabolic agents (e.g., teriparatide, romosozumab) are reserved for very high-risk patients. Non-pharmacological foundations encompass calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, and fall prevention. Successful outcomes depend on coordinated, interprofessional care to improve diagnosis, treatment adherence, and persistence.
Conclusion: A proactive, interdisciplinary model is essential to transform osteoporosis from a "silent epidemic" into a managed chronic condition, thereby reducing the immense personal and economic burden of fragility fractures.
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