Mycoplasma Pneumonia: Nursing Assessment, Evidence-Based Management, and Infection Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of atypical pneumonia, characterized by subacute onset, mild systemic symptoms, and diagnostic challenges due to its unique microbiologic properties. It accounts for a significant proportion of community-acquired respiratory infections and can present with extrapulmonary complications.

Aim: To review nursing assessment, evidence-based management, and infection prevention strategies for M. pneumoniae infection.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing epidemiologic data, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment protocols, and nursing interventions.

Results: M. pneumoniae infection often manifests with persistent dry cough, minimal chest findings, and normal leukocyte counts. Diagnosis relies on PCR and serology, as culture is impractical. Recommended treatment includes macrolides, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolones, with azithromycin commonly preferred. Supportive care and patient education are essential. Complications range from pulmonary (pleural effusion, ARDS) to systemic (neurologic, cardiac, dermatologic). Prognosis is generally favorable, though severe outcomes occur in children and high-risk groups. Preventive strategies emphasize respiratory hygiene, vaccination against other pathogens, and smoking cessation.

Conclusion: Effective management of M. pneumoniae requires early recognition, appropriate antibiotic selection, and robust nursing education to prevent transmission and complications. Interprofessional collaboration enhances outcomes, particularly in vulnerable populations.