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Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman Atiah Alghamdi, Naif Ali Almalki, Fahad Mosakin Althubyani, Saleh Awadh Alshamrani, Manal Abdulaziz Alsharif, Eisi Menwer Alamri

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Pharmacist's Role in CAR-T Cell Therapy: From Protocol Development to Toxicity Reduction
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdulrahman Atiah Alghamdi
Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Abstract
Background: CAR-T cell therapy is cutting-edge immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies, and the pharmacist has a crucial role to play in its safe delivery.
Aim: Through this review, the pharmacist's role in CAR-T therapy, ranging from protocol development to toxicity management, is evaluated with consideration of real-world evidence and the future direction.
Methods: A Systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using searches for studies between 2017–2025. Relevance to pharmacist roles in CAR-T therapy informed study selection, synthesizing data on protocol management, product handling, and toxicity mitigation.
Results: Pharmacists enable regulatory compliance, manage product logistics, and guide toxicity interventions, reducing adverse events by up to 40% in some settings. Case studies illustrate outpatient care (85% ambulatory care) and tocilizumab early start (90% severe CRS prevention). Complications are supply chain interruption and limited specialist roles (20% of centers).
Conclusion: Pharmacists are the key to the success of CAR-T therapy, improving safety and outcomes. Dedicated positions and standardized training would be necessary to cope with emerging challenges, especially in outpatient and solid tumor settings.
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- Amini, L., Silbert, S. K., Maude, S. L., Nastoupil, L. J., Ramos, C. A., Brentjens, R. J., ... & Abou-el-Enein, M. (2022). Preparing for CAR T cell therapy: patient selection, bridging therapies and lymphodepletion. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 19(5), 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00607-3
- Awasthi, R., Maier, H. J., Zhang, J., & Lim, S. (2023). Kymriah®(tisagenlecleucel)–an overview of the clinical development journey of the first approved CAR-T therapy. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 19(1), 2210046. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2210046
- Benedetti, H., & Latchford, T. M. (2019). Developing BMT Nurses to Care for Axicabtogene Ciloleucel (Yescarta) Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Patients. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(3), S438-S439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.474
- Berdeja, J. G., Madduri, D., Usmani, S. Z., Jakubowiak, A., Agha, M., Cohen, A. D., ... & Jagannath, S. (2021). Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): a phase 1b/2 open-label study. The Lancet, 398(10297), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00933-8
- Black, A. (2018). Pharmacy Institutional Readiness for Marketed CAR-T Therapy: Checklists for Pharmacy Services.
- Booth, J. P., Kusoski, C. L., & Kennerly-Shah, J. M. (2020). The pharmacist’s role in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 26(7), 1725-1731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155220948940
- Brudno, J. N., & Kochenderfer, J. N. (2016). Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 127(26), 3321-3330. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-04-703751
- Dioverti, V., El Boghdadly, Z., Shahid, Z., Waghmare, A., Abidi, M. Z., Pergam, S., ... & Papanicolaou, G. A. (2022). Revised guidelines for coronavirus disease 19 management in hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy recipients (August 2022). Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 28(12), 810-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2022.09.002
- Elsallab, M., & Maus, M. V. (2023). Expanding access to CAR T cell therapies through local manufacturing. Nature biotechnology, 41(12), 1698-1708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01981-8
- Fala, L. (2018). Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) second CAR T-cell therapy approved for patients with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma.
- Frey, N., & Porter, D. (2019). Cytokine release syndrome with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(4), e123-e127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.756
- Garfall, A. L., Dancy, E. K., Cohen, A. D., Hwang, W. T., Fraietta, J. A., Davis, M. M., ... & Melenhorst, J. J. (2019). T-cell phenotypes associated with effective CAR T-cell therapy in postinduction vs relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood advances, 3(19), 2812-2815. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000600
- Geyer, M. B., Park, J. H., & Brentjens, R. J. (2018). Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells for Leukemias in Adults: Methods, Data and Challenges. Cell and Gene Therapies, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54368-0_5
- Giavridis, T., van der Stegen, S. J., Eyquem, J., Hamieh, M., Piersigilli, A., & Sadelain, M. (2018). CAR T cell–induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nature medicine, 24(6), 731-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0041-7
- Iglesias-López, C., Agustí, A., Obach, M., & Vallano, A. (2019). Regulatory framework for advanced therapy medicinal products in Europe and United States. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00921
- Jacobson, C. A., Locke, F. L., Ma, L., Asubonteng, J., Hu, Z. H., Siddiqi, T., ... & Pasquini, M. C. (2022). Real-world evidence of axicabtagene ciloleucel for the treatment of large B cell lymphoma in the United States. Transplantation and cellular therapy, 28(9), 581-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.026
- June, C. H., O’Connor, R. S., Kawalekar, O. U., Ghassemi, S., & Milone, M. C. (2018). CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science, 359(6382), 1361-1365. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6711
- Kamisetti, R. R. (2023). Strategies Followed for the Assessment of the Advanced Therapies by European Medicines Agency. DOI: 10.37421/2165-7920.2023.13.1569
- Lee, D. W., Gardner, R., Porter, D. L., Louis, C. U., Ahmed, N., Jensen, M., ... & Mackall, C. L. (2014). Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 124(2), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729
- Lee, D. W., Santomasso, B. D., Locke, F. L., Ghobadi, A., Turtle, C. J., Brudno, J. N., ... & Neelapu, S. S. (2019). ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation, 25(4), 625-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.758
- Locke, F. L., Miklos, D. B., Jacobson, C. A., Perales, M. A., Kersten, M. J., Oluwole, O. O., ... & Westin, J. R. (2022). Axicabtagene ciloleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(7), 640-654. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116133
- Mahmoudjafari, Z., Hawks, K. G., Hsieh, A. A., Plesca, D., Gatwood, K. S., & Culos, K. A. (2019). American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Pharmacy Special Interest Group survey on chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy administrative, logistic, and toxicity management practices in the United States. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.09.024
- Marzal-Alfaro, M. B., Escudero-Vilaplana, V., Revuelta-Herrero, J. L., Collado-Borrell, R., Herranz-Alonso, A., & Sanjurjo-Saez, M. (2021). Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy management and safety: a practical tool from a multidisciplinary team perspective. Frontiers in oncology, 11, 636068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.636068
- Maude, S. L., Laetsch, T. W., Buechner, J., Rives, S., Boyer, M., Bittencourt, H., ... & Grupp, S. A. (2018). Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(5), 439-448. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709866
- Mohty, R., Moreno Vanegas, Y., Chavez, J. C., & Kharfan-Dabaja, M. A. (2023). Lisocabtagene maraleucel for relapsed or refractory large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 23(2), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2023.2171397
- Moreno-Martínez, M. E., Vinent-Genestar, J., Muñoz-Sánchez, C., & Carreras-Soler, M. J. (2020). Hospital pharmacist's roles and responsibilities with CAR-T medicines. Farmacia Hospitalaria, 44(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.11333
- Neelapu, S. S., Locke, F. L., Bartlett, N. L., Lekakis, L. J., Miklos, D. B., Jacobson, C. A., ... & Go, W. Y. (2017). Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(26), 2531-2544. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707447
- Neelapu, S. S., Tummala, S., Kebriaei, P., Wierda, W., Gutierrez, C., Locke, F. L., ... & Shpall, E. J. (2018). Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy—assessment and management of toxicities. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 15(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.148
- Nezvalova-Henriksen, K., Langebrake, C., Bauters, T., Moreno-Martinez, M. E., Ahnfelt, E., Ekelund, H., ... & Tam, A. (2023). Implementation and operational management of marketed chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T Cell) therapy—a guidance by the GoCART Coalition Pharmacist Working Group. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 58(10), 1069-1074. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-023-02072-7
- Norelli, M., Camisa, B., Barbiera, G., Falcone, L., Purevdorj, A., Genua, M., ... & Bondanza, A. (2018). Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells. Nature medicine, 24(6), 739-748. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0036-4
- Okamoto, S., Iida, M., Hamad, N., Duarte, F. B., Sureda, A., Srivastava, A., ... & European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT. (2023). American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy International Affair Committee: Report of the Third Workshop on Global Perspective to Access to Transplantation at the 2022 Tandem Meeting. Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 29(7), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2023.02.024
- Owusu, K. A., Schiffer, M., & Perreault, S. (2022). Chimeric antigen receptor T cells: Toxicity and management considerations. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 33(4), 301-307. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2022936
- Parikh, R. H., & Lonial, S. (2023). Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy in multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review of current data and implications for clinical practice. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 73(3), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21771
- Paroder, M., Le, N., Pham, H. P., & Thibodeaux, S. R. (2020). Important aspects of T‐cell collection by apheresis for manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Advances in Cell and Gene Therapy, 3(1), e75. https://doi.org/10.1002/acg2.75
- Perica, K., Curran, K. J., Brentjens, R. J., & Giralt, S. A. (2018). Building a CAR garage: preparing for the delivery of commercial CAR T cell products at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 24(6), 1135-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.02.018
- Salter, A. I., Pont, M. J., & Riddell, S. R. (2018). Chimeric antigen receptor–modified T cells: CD19 and the road beyond. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(24), 2621-2629. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-785840
- Santomasso, B. D., Park, J. H., Salloum, D., Riviere, I., Flynn, J., Mead, E., ... & Brentjens, R. J. (2018). Clinical and biological correlates of neurotoxicity associated with CAR T-cell therapy in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer discovery, 8(8), 958-971. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1319
- Sterner, R. C., & Sterner, R. M. (2021). CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood cancer journal, 11(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7
References
Amini, L., Silbert, S. K., Maude, S. L., Nastoupil, L. J., Ramos, C. A., Brentjens, R. J., ... & Abou-el-Enein, M. (2022). Preparing for CAR T cell therapy: patient selection, bridging therapies and lymphodepletion. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 19(5), 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00607-3
Awasthi, R., Maier, H. J., Zhang, J., & Lim, S. (2023). Kymriah®(tisagenlecleucel)–an overview of the clinical development journey of the first approved CAR-T therapy. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 19(1), 2210046. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2210046
Benedetti, H., & Latchford, T. M. (2019). Developing BMT Nurses to Care for Axicabtogene Ciloleucel (Yescarta) Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Patients. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(3), S438-S439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.474
Berdeja, J. G., Madduri, D., Usmani, S. Z., Jakubowiak, A., Agha, M., Cohen, A. D., ... & Jagannath, S. (2021). Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): a phase 1b/2 open-label study. The Lancet, 398(10297), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00933-8
Black, A. (2018). Pharmacy Institutional Readiness for Marketed CAR-T Therapy: Checklists for Pharmacy Services.
Booth, J. P., Kusoski, C. L., & Kennerly-Shah, J. M. (2020). The pharmacist’s role in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 26(7), 1725-1731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155220948940
Brudno, J. N., & Kochenderfer, J. N. (2016). Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 127(26), 3321-3330. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-04-703751
Dioverti, V., El Boghdadly, Z., Shahid, Z., Waghmare, A., Abidi, M. Z., Pergam, S., ... & Papanicolaou, G. A. (2022). Revised guidelines for coronavirus disease 19 management in hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy recipients (August 2022). Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 28(12), 810-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2022.09.002
Elsallab, M., & Maus, M. V. (2023). Expanding access to CAR T cell therapies through local manufacturing. Nature biotechnology, 41(12), 1698-1708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01981-8
Fala, L. (2018). Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) second CAR T-cell therapy approved for patients with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma.
Frey, N., & Porter, D. (2019). Cytokine release syndrome with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(4), e123-e127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.756
Garfall, A. L., Dancy, E. K., Cohen, A. D., Hwang, W. T., Fraietta, J. A., Davis, M. M., ... & Melenhorst, J. J. (2019). T-cell phenotypes associated with effective CAR T-cell therapy in postinduction vs relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood advances, 3(19), 2812-2815. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000600
Geyer, M. B., Park, J. H., & Brentjens, R. J. (2018). Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells for Leukemias in Adults: Methods, Data and Challenges. Cell and Gene Therapies, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54368-0_5
Giavridis, T., van der Stegen, S. J., Eyquem, J., Hamieh, M., Piersigilli, A., & Sadelain, M. (2018). CAR T cell–induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nature medicine, 24(6), 731-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0041-7
Iglesias-López, C., Agustí, A., Obach, M., & Vallano, A. (2019). Regulatory framework for advanced therapy medicinal products in Europe and United States. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00921
Jacobson, C. A., Locke, F. L., Ma, L., Asubonteng, J., Hu, Z. H., Siddiqi, T., ... & Pasquini, M. C. (2022). Real-world evidence of axicabtagene ciloleucel for the treatment of large B cell lymphoma in the United States. Transplantation and cellular therapy, 28(9), 581-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.026
June, C. H., O’Connor, R. S., Kawalekar, O. U., Ghassemi, S., & Milone, M. C. (2018). CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science, 359(6382), 1361-1365. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6711
Kamisetti, R. R. (2023). Strategies Followed for the Assessment of the Advanced Therapies by European Medicines Agency. DOI: 10.37421/2165-7920.2023.13.1569
Lee, D. W., Gardner, R., Porter, D. L., Louis, C. U., Ahmed, N., Jensen, M., ... & Mackall, C. L. (2014). Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 124(2), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729
Lee, D. W., Santomasso, B. D., Locke, F. L., Ghobadi, A., Turtle, C. J., Brudno, J. N., ... & Neelapu, S. S. (2019). ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation, 25(4), 625-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.758
Locke, F. L., Miklos, D. B., Jacobson, C. A., Perales, M. A., Kersten, M. J., Oluwole, O. O., ... & Westin, J. R. (2022). Axicabtagene ciloleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(7), 640-654. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116133
Mahmoudjafari, Z., Hawks, K. G., Hsieh, A. A., Plesca, D., Gatwood, K. S., & Culos, K. A. (2019). American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Pharmacy Special Interest Group survey on chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy administrative, logistic, and toxicity management practices in the United States. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.09.024
Marzal-Alfaro, M. B., Escudero-Vilaplana, V., Revuelta-Herrero, J. L., Collado-Borrell, R., Herranz-Alonso, A., & Sanjurjo-Saez, M. (2021). Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy management and safety: a practical tool from a multidisciplinary team perspective. Frontiers in oncology, 11, 636068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.636068
Maude, S. L., Laetsch, T. W., Buechner, J., Rives, S., Boyer, M., Bittencourt, H., ... & Grupp, S. A. (2018). Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(5), 439-448. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709866
Mohty, R., Moreno Vanegas, Y., Chavez, J. C., & Kharfan-Dabaja, M. A. (2023). Lisocabtagene maraleucel for relapsed or refractory large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 23(2), 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2023.2171397
Moreno-Martínez, M. E., Vinent-Genestar, J., Muñoz-Sánchez, C., & Carreras-Soler, M. J. (2020). Hospital pharmacist's roles and responsibilities with CAR-T medicines. Farmacia Hospitalaria, 44(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.11333
Neelapu, S. S., Locke, F. L., Bartlett, N. L., Lekakis, L. J., Miklos, D. B., Jacobson, C. A., ... & Go, W. Y. (2017). Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(26), 2531-2544. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707447
Neelapu, S. S., Tummala, S., Kebriaei, P., Wierda, W., Gutierrez, C., Locke, F. L., ... & Shpall, E. J. (2018). Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy—assessment and management of toxicities. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 15(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.148
Nezvalova-Henriksen, K., Langebrake, C., Bauters, T., Moreno-Martinez, M. E., Ahnfelt, E., Ekelund, H., ... & Tam, A. (2023). Implementation and operational management of marketed chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T Cell) therapy—a guidance by the GoCART Coalition Pharmacist Working Group. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 58(10), 1069-1074. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-023-02072-7
Norelli, M., Camisa, B., Barbiera, G., Falcone, L., Purevdorj, A., Genua, M., ... & Bondanza, A. (2018). Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity due to CAR T cells. Nature medicine, 24(6), 739-748. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0036-4
Okamoto, S., Iida, M., Hamad, N., Duarte, F. B., Sureda, A., Srivastava, A., ... & European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT. (2023). American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy International Affair Committee: Report of the Third Workshop on Global Perspective to Access to Transplantation at the 2022 Tandem Meeting. Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 29(7), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2023.02.024
Owusu, K. A., Schiffer, M., & Perreault, S. (2022). Chimeric antigen receptor T cells: Toxicity and management considerations. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 33(4), 301-307. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2022936
Parikh, R. H., & Lonial, S. (2023). Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy in multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review of current data and implications for clinical practice. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 73(3), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21771
Paroder, M., Le, N., Pham, H. P., & Thibodeaux, S. R. (2020). Important aspects of T‐cell collection by apheresis for manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Advances in Cell and Gene Therapy, 3(1), e75. https://doi.org/10.1002/acg2.75
Perica, K., Curran, K. J., Brentjens, R. J., & Giralt, S. A. (2018). Building a CAR garage: preparing for the delivery of commercial CAR T cell products at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 24(6), 1135-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.02.018
Salter, A. I., Pont, M. J., & Riddell, S. R. (2018). Chimeric antigen receptor–modified T cells: CD19 and the road beyond. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(24), 2621-2629. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-785840
Santomasso, B. D., Park, J. H., Salloum, D., Riviere, I., Flynn, J., Mead, E., ... & Brentjens, R. J. (2018). Clinical and biological correlates of neurotoxicity associated with CAR T-cell therapy in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer discovery, 8(8), 958-971. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1319
Sterner, R. C., & Sterner, R. M. (2021). CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood cancer journal, 11(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7