Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health
type: channel
description: Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health (SJMPH) is a biannual, peer-reviewed, gold open-access journal based in Saudi Arabia. The journal is dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge in clinical medicine, public health, epidemiology, health policy, disease prevention, and related disciplines. SJMPH publishes original research articles, systematic reviews, case reports, and brief communications in both English and Arabic. All articles are made freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, allowing for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction with proper attribution. The journal is hosted on the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform and adheres to the highest editorial standards through a rigorous double-blind peer review process and the use of advanced plagiarism detection tools. SJMPH is indexed in Google Scholar and accredited by the Saudi Ministry of Media and the King Fahad National Library.
publisher: Mutlaq Al-Injaz Library Foundation for Copying and Photocopying
language: en-US
publication name: Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health
issn: 2961-4368
items: Navigating the Labyrinth: A Systematic Review of Role Clarity and Scope of Practice Among Diverse Healthcare Providers
items: Security Measures to Protect Healthcare Workers and Patients Against Violence in Nursing Environments: A Comprehensive Review
items: Pulmonary Stenosis: Diagnostic Imaging and Respiratory Care Perspectives
items: Health Information Technology- An Updated Review Data
items: Acute Pancreatitis: CT Severity Index, Fluid-Resuscitation Nursing Algorithms, and Lipase/CRP as Outcome Markers
items: Nutritional Psychiatry: Dietary Interventions for Mood Disorders
items: Integrated Clinical Pathways for Chest Injury involving EMS, Nursing Practice, Radiologic Assessment, Laboratory and Microbiological Testing, Dental Support Roles, and Nutrition Management
items: Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Contemporary Perspectives on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management for Nursing
items: Recognizing Tension Pneumothorax: A Comprehensive Guide for Paramedics and Emergency Professionals
items: Integrated Pharmacy, Nursing, and Physical Therapy Approaches to the Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures
items: Paediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: An Integrated Approach to Imaging, Dental Care, and Therapeutic Management
items: Hip Fracture Overview: Integrating Medical, Nutritional, Rehabilitation, and Psychological Care
items: Comprehensive Clinical Management of Atrial Septal Defect: A Multidisciplinary Approach Bridging Nursing, Radiology, and Laboratory Sciences
items: Interprofessional Approaches to Heavy Metal Exposure Assessment and Management
items: Telehealth and Virtual Nurse Teams: Literature Review
items: Clinical Assessment and Emergency Management of Pediatric Skull Fractures
items: The Relationship between Resilience and Nurse Burnout: Causes, Impacts, and Strategies to Reduce Emotional Exhaustion
items: The Pivotal Role of Nursing Leadership in Hospital Health Management and Quality Improvement Initiatives: A Comprehensive Review
items: Advances in Breast Ultrasound Imaging: A Comprehensive Review For Radiologists, Nursing, and Health Assistant
items: Roles of Registered Nurses and Dentists under Health Security Programs within Communities: A Comprehensive Review
items: Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic, Imaging, and Laboratory Perspectives
items: Integrated Public Health and Nursing Approaches in the Prevention and Management of Dental Trauma in Children: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
items: Multidisciplinary Nursing, Pharmacological, and Radiologic Perspectives in the Assessment and Management of Arachnoid Cysts
items: Multidisciplinary Assessment and Management of Tracheal Trauma: Integration of Emergency Care, Radiology, Nursing Practice, Pharmacy Services, and General Medicine
items: Odontogenic Orofacial Infections in Pediatrics: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Challenges, and Advanced Interdisciplinary Management in Clinical Practice
items: Prehospital Recognition and Management of Pneumothorax: Advancing Emergency Medical Services Practice Through Clinical Assessment, Rapid Intervention, and Evidence-Based Guidelines
items: Interdisciplinary Innovations in the Management of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures: Integrating Dental, Radiological, and Nursing Perspectives
items: The Gut-Kidney Axis in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Microbiological Perspective on Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Avenues
items: A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Kinesiology Taping in Enhancing Range of Motion and Reducing Pain
items: Violent Patient Management: Advanced Safety, Security, and Clinical Support Strategies in Healthcare Settings
items: A Systematic Review of Digital Health Tools for Interdisciplinary Collaboration Across Clinical and Support Services: Bridging the Silos in Modern Healthcare
items: Biophotonics and Photodynamic Therapy: Emerging Optics-Based Treatments for Eye Conditions
items: Large Bowel Obstruction: Emergency Care, Clinical Response, and Acute Hospital Management Perspectives
items: Marburg Virus Disease: Epidemiological Surveillance, Public Health Preparedness, and Infection Control Strategies within Healthcare Systems
items: The Dual Burden of Malnutrition and Oral Disease: An Updated Framework for Family Medicine, Dental Care, Nutrition Care, and Community Health Security
items: Overactive Bladder Syndrome in Women: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Challenges – A Systematic Review
items: Integrated Multidisciplinary Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Roles of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Nursing, Dental Care, Optometry, Health Informatics, Hospital Management, and Social Work
items: Stercoral Colitis: Advanced Nursing and Technical Competencies in Acute Injury Management
items: Coordinated Healthcare Management for Chronic Diseases: Linking Nursing Leadership, Medical Record Systems, and Public Health Administration
items: Integrated Psychological, Anesthetic, Nursing, and General Practice Approaches to the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
items: Integrative Approaches to Chronic Bronchitis Management: The Collaborative Role of Nursing, Laboratory Services, and Radiologists
items: Management of Abdominal Gunshot Wounds: Clinical Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Medical Technicians
items: Integrated Medical and Nursing Perspectives in the Emergency Management of Venous Gas Embolism: A Multidisciplinary Clinical Approach
items: Interdisciplinary Strategies for Optimizing Prenatal Genetic Screening in Family-Centered Care Systems
items: Digital Transformation in Healthcare Administration: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Telehealth on Administrative and Secretarial Roles
items: Large Bowel Obstruction in the Emergency Department: Clinical Assessment and Rapid Intervention
items: Narrative Review: Nursing Interventions for Managing Anxiety and Depression in Acute Care Settings
items: Role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the Development and Progression of Cervical Cancer
items: Comprehensive Epidemiology, Acute Care, Operative Intervention, and Nursing Management of Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
items: Clinical Assessment and Management of Blunt Cardiac Injury for Nursing and Frontline Healthcare Providers
items: Management of the Avulsed Tooth in Emergency and Prehospital Care
items: Occipital Brain Abscess with Obstructive Hydrocephalus Caused by Streptococcus anginosus in a 24-Year-Old Male: A Case Report
items: Integrating Ethical AI Governance into Administrative Decision Support Systems: A Case-Study Synthesis and Implementation Framework
items: The Resuscitation Room of the Future: A Systematic Review of Smart Technology and Integrated Monitoring in Critical Care Resuscitation
items: Nursing Care and Pharmacists Management of Central Venous Catheters: Evidence-Based Practices for Safety and Infection Prevention
items: Glossitis: Clinical Etiologies, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Multidisciplinary Management in Dental and Medical Practice
items: Interprofessional Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Nosocomial Infections: Integrating Pharmacological, Administrative, and Nursing Perspectives
items: Clinical Pharmaceutical Safety and Healthcare Systems Management- An Updated Review Article For Pharmacists, Health Securities, and Medical Maintenance Specialists
items: Nutritional and Psychosocial Considerations in Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship: An Integrative Narrative Review
items: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Applications, and Nutritional Implications
items: Integrated Surgical, Nursing, and Rehabilitation Approaches in Ankle Arthroplasty
items: Quality and Cost-Effectiveness in Pharmaceutical Procurement: Strategies and a Systematic Review
items: Central Venous Catheter Insertion: Advanced Clinical Techniques, Complication Prevention, and Evidence-Based Critical Care Practice
items: Retroperitoneal Hematoma: Diagnostic Strategies, Laboratory Evaluation, and Imaging-Guided Management in Acute Clinical Care
items: High Mortality and Pathogen Burden of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective ICU Study
items: knee osteoarthritis: An Updated Review for Physical Therapists, Nursing, and Pharmacists
items: The Impact of Health Education Programs on Chronic Disease Prevention Among Adults
items: The Role of Nutritional Ketosis in Managing Neurological Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Systematic Review
items: Clinical Application and Nursing Management of Suction Drains in Postoperative Patient Care
items: Comprehensive Review of the Success of the Hospital-at-Home Program in Today's Healthcare Delivery
items: Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Based Dietary Interventions in Chronic Disease Remission: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Practical Implementation
items: Dark Blood MRI Sequences in Myocardial Tissue Characterization: A Comprehensive Review
items: Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Management and Long-Term Care Approaches for Newborns with Birth Asphyxia: Clinical Guidelines for Healthcare Professionals

Navigating the Labyrinth: A Systematic Review of Role Clarity and Scope of Practice Among Diverse Healthcare Providers
type: item
description: Background: The contemporary health care system is characterized by increasing patient complexity, unprecedented workforce shortfalls, and a requisite shift toward interprofessional, team-based models of care. Well-defined roles and scopes of practice for all health professionals are key elements underpinning patient safety, team effectiveness, and professional well-being within this dynamic. Aim: This systematic review aims to synthesize current literature from 2015 to 2025, exploring and comparing issues of role clarity and SoP among five key provider groups: midwives, GPs, nurses, dentists, and health assistants. Methods: A systematic search across major electronic databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus, was conducted for relevant literature published within the period 2015-2025. The review included only peer-reviewed original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses focusing on either role clarity or SoP in clinical practice settings for the specified provider groups. Results: The findings show that role ambiguity is a universal yet distinctive challenge across professions. Key issues pertain to midwives on their autonomy with obstetricians, GPs on their role expansion and delegation, nurses on the blurring of boundaries with advanced practice, dentists on systemic integration, and health assistants on pervasive ambiguity. Cross-cutting themes to influence clarity are regulatory frameworks, interprofessional education, intra-professional differentiation, and organizational culture. Conclusion: Role clarity is a dynamic process that is necessary for effective teamwork. It requires updated regulations, focused interprofessional education and leadership, and a particular emphasis on the integration of health assistants. Such initiatives are core to ensuring team performance is optimized, care for patients is improved, and provider retention is enhanced.
creator: Saadah Hameed Mohammed Alfahmi
creator: Abdulrahman Hamad Al Rutaiq
creator: Nada Ahmad Alhejali
creator: Maryam Salem Algarni
creator: Waad Saad Aldossari
creator: Abdullah Kallas Arishi
creator: Shaewela Mosa G Alanazi
creator: Abdulaziz Farrah Andejani
creator: Alia Abdulaziz Alkhelb
creator: Shikah Saad Aldosary
creator: Salwa Salem Alanazi
creator: Shatha Ahmed Alaryani
creator: Asma Mosa G Alanazi
creator: Amal Mohammed ibn Mandeel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saadah Hameed Mohammed Alfahmi, Abdulrahman Hamad Al Rutaiq, Nada Ahmad Alhejali, Maryam Salem Algarni, Waad Saad Aldossari, Abdullah Kallas Arishi, Shaewela Mosa G Alanazi, Abdulaziz Farrah Andejani, Alia Abdulaziz Alkhelb, Shikah Saad Aldosary, Salwa Salem Alanazi, Shatha Ahmed Alaryani, Asma Mosa G Alanazi, Amal Mohammed ibn Mandeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1072
ending page: 1078
doi: 10.64483/202522242

Security Measures to Protect Healthcare Workers and Patients Against Violence in Nursing Environments: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: Workplace violence against nurses is a critical global public health and occupational hazard. Ranging from verbal abuse to physical assault, the consequences of WPV are severe physical and psychological injuries, burnout, high staff turnover, and diminished quality of care for patients. High-risk areas include emergency and psychiatric units. Aim: This review aims to synthesise literature from 2015 to 2025 and establish the effectiveness of various security measures instituted in clinical environments with the aim of protecting nurses and patients from violence. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus was conducted for peer-reviewed studies from 2015 to 2024 using keywords related to the topic, including "workplace violence," "nurses," "intervention," and "security measures." A total of 40 qualifying quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies were included and analyzed using the method of narrative synthesis. Results: Interventions were categorized as primary (prevention), secondary (response), and tertiary (post-event) strategies. The most effective primary measures included comprehensive violence prevention programs, de-escalation training, and environmental designs, such as panic buttons. Secondary measures, including emergency response teams, were effective when deployed promptly. Tertiary support, such as debriefing and counseling, was crucial for mitigating long-term effects. Major implementation barriers included inconsistent training, underreporting, and cultural acceptance of violence. Conclusions: What works is an integrated, multicomponent strategy that incorporates proactive, responsive, and supportive interventions. From the leadership perspective, a safety culture should be developed that emphasizes prevention, reporting, and support of staff. Recommendations for future research include standardization of outcomes, longitudinal analysis, and consideration of predictive technologies such as AI.
creator: Khalid Tamim Aldawsari
creator: Mujib Ali Al-Tamim
creator: Abdulrahman Mubarak Aldawsari
creator: Mohammed Mubarak Al-Shuraidah
creator: Mihmas Saud Fahd Al Dawsari
creator: Mohammed Majed Mohammed Al-Rashed Al-Dosari
creator: Hadi Mohsen Mohamad Algarnin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Tamim Aldawsari, Mujib Ali Al-Tamim, Abdulrahman Mubarak Aldawsari, Mohammed Mubarak Al-Shuraidah, Mihmas Saud Fahd Al Dawsari, Mohammed Majed Mohammed Al-Rashed Al-Dosari, Hadi Mohsen Mohamad Algarnin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1264
ending page: 1271
doi: 10.64483/202522274

Pulmonary Stenosis: Diagnostic Imaging and Respiratory Care Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a common congenital heart defect, accounting for 7-12% of cases, characterized by obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. It can occur in isolation or as part of complex syndromes. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic cases to severe presentations with heart failure. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of PS, encompassing its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and contemporary management strategies to guide clinical practice. Methods: A detailed narrative review was conducted, synthesizing current medical literature on PS. It examines diagnostic modalities, including echocardiography (the cornerstone), cardiac MRI, and CT, and analyzes evidence-based treatment guidelines from major cardiology societies. Results: The severity of PS dictates management. Mild, asymptomatic cases often require only surveillance. For significant valvular PS, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is the preferred first-line intervention, yielding excellent outcomes, particularly for domed valves. Dysplastic valves or complex/subvalvular obstructions often necessitate surgical repair. Critical PS in neonates is a ductal-dependent emergency requiring prostaglandin therapy and urgent intervention. Long-term prognosis is generally favorable with appropriate treatment, though complications like arrhythmias, pulmonary regurgitation, and endocarditis can occur. Conclusion: PS management requires accurate anatomical and hemodynamic assessment. Treatment is highly effective, ranging from monitoring to catheter-based or surgical interventions. A multidisciplinary, patient-tailored approach ensures optimal outcomes across the lifespan.
creator: Reem Shelewh Alanzi
creator: Miad Azooz Musa Alsalhani
creator: Wesam Fayez Hammad Alshammari
creator: Amjad Sulaiman Saket Alshammary
creator: Fatimah Younis Ali Almohammedsaleh
creator: Shoroq Ameer Almohammed Saleh
creator: Mahdi Ali Alhelal
creator: Yasseen Jafar Alabdrabalnabi
creator: Haider Mohammed Almatar
creator: Ahmad Albaqshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Reem Shelewh Alanzi, Miad Azooz Musa Alsalhani, Wesam Fayez Hammad Alshammari, Amjad Sulaiman Saket Alshammary, Fatimah Younis Ali Almohammedsaleh, Shoroq Ameer Almohammed Saleh, Mahdi Ali Alhelal, Yasseen Jafar Alabdrabalnabi, Haider Mohammed Almatar, Ahmad Albaqshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1425
ending page: 1443
doi: 10.64483/202522295

Health Information Technology- An Updated Review Data
type: item
description: Background: Health Information Technology (HIT) encompasses the hardware, software, and systems used to manage health information across the care continuum. It is fundamental to modern healthcare, aiming to improve accountability, patient outcomes, delivery efficiency, and cost containment. However, its widespread adoption presents significant challenges and unintended consequences that must be addressed. Aim: This updated review provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted impact of HIT, examining its potential benefits, critical issues of concern, and overall clinical significance within contemporary healthcare systems. Methods: A narrative review synthesizes current literature and evidence on HIT's core functions. It analyzes key areas including patient safety tools (e.g., CPOE), population health management, healthcare delivery efficiency, cost implications, and the significant barriers and risks associated with implementation. Results: HIT demonstrably improves patient safety through decision support (e.g., reducing medication errors) and enhances population health via surveillance and data analytics, as exemplified by its role in the Flint water crisis. It increases healthcare delivery efficiency by improving data access and, through evolving interoperability standards like FHIR, promises better care coordination. While HIT offers potential for long-term cost savings, initial implementation is prohibitively expensive for many institutions. Major concerns include "technologic iatrogenesis" such as cybersecurity threats (e.g., ransomware), alert fatigue, workflow disruptions, and the risk of exacerbating health disparities through a digital divide. Conclusion: HIT is an indispensable but double-edged sword in healthcare. Its benefits in safety, quality, and efficiency are substantial, yet they are counterbalanced by high costs, security vulnerabilities, usability problems, and equity challenges. Realizing HIT's full potential requires continued investme…
creator: Alanazi Mushawah Mana R
creator: Khamis Abdulrahman Jumah Alkhaibiry
creator: Raed Abdullah Abdu Barakat
creator: Mohammad Hamad Alawad
creator: Saad Hazzaa Gazi Aljsh
creator: Amsha Sameer Mulayhan
creator: Hana Mureia Alameer
creator: Ali Abdullah Ali Kariri
creator: Ali Mohmmed Hig Sharahili
creator: Qassim Arar Ahmed Alhaqawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alanazi Mushawah Mana R, Khamis Abdulrahman Jumah Alkhaibiry, Raed Abdullah Abdu Barakat, Mohammad Hamad Alawad, Saad Hazzaa Gazi Aljsh, Amsha Sameer Mulayhan, Hana Mureia Alameer, Ali Abdullah Ali Kariri, Ali Mohmmed Hig Sharahili, Qassim Arar Ahmed Alhaqawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1685
ending page: 1692
doi: 10.64483/202522314

Acute Pancreatitis: CT Severity Index, Fluid-Resuscitation Nursing Algorithms, and Lipase/CRP as Outcome Markers
type: item
description: Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common, potentially life-threatening inflammatory condition with heterogeneous etiologies and trajectories. Early risk stratification and coordinated supportive care are pivotal to reduce necrosis, organ failure, and resource use. Aim: To synthesize evidence on three practical pillars of inpatient AP care—radiologic grading by CT Severity Index (CTSI), fluid-resuscitation nursing algorithms, and biochemical markers (lipase and C-reactive protein, CRP)—and to propose an integrated, bedside-ready framework. Methods: Narrative review of contemporary diagnostic and management domains summarized in this article, emphasizing: (1) imaging roles (ultrasound/CECT/MRI) and CTSI for local complications; (2) nurse-led fluid protocols (targets, choice of crystalloid, ROSE phases); and (3) serial lipase/CRP as outcome markers alongside clinical severity classifications. Results: CTSI reliably stages local pancreatic/peripancreatic complications and complements clinical systems (e.g., RAC/DBC) for prognostication and timing of interventions. Nurse-delivered resuscitation algorithms with early lactated Ringer’s at 5–10 mL/kg/h, dynamic endpoints (heart rate <120 beats/min, urine output >0.5 mL/kg/h), and avoidance of overload reduce SIRS, organ failure, and length of stay. Early enteral nutrition embedded in nursing pathways improves tolerance and pain trajectories. Lipase confirms diagnosis but trends add limited prognostic value; CRP trajectories (e.g., 48–72 h) better correlate with severity and necrosis, especially when interpreted with imaging and physiology. Multidisciplinary coordination among radiology, laboratory, and nursing closes operational gaps and accelerates definitive etiologic care. Conclusion: An integrated pathway combining CTSI-guided imaging, protocolized nurse-led fluid resuscitation, and judicious use of lipase/CRP improves risk recognition, streamlines decisions, and may reduce complications and costs in AP.
creator: Abdulmohsen Ateeq Alamari
creator: Adel Garsan Seed Alzahrani
creator: Fahad Mohmmed Saead Alqhtani
creator: Fatimah Mousa Ibrahim Alsekiny
creator: Adel Maqbul Mutlaq Alsharar
creator: Hussain Homoud Habibi Namazi
creator: Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Muyidi
creator: Ahmed Saud Alhejaili
creator: Hosam Hasan Alzhrani
creator: Wazan Maeid Al-Anzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmohsen Ateeq Alamari, Adel Garsan Seed Alzahrani, Fahad Mohmmed Saead Alqhtani, Fatimah Mousa Ibrahim Alsekiny, Adel Maqbul Mutlaq Alsharar, Hussain Homoud Habibi Namazi, Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Muyidi , Ahmed Saud Alhejaili, Hosam Hasan Alzhrani , Wazan Maeid Al-Anzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 947
ending page: 960
doi: 10.64483/202522227

Nutritional Psychiatry: Dietary Interventions for Mood Disorders
type: item
description: Background: The global prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders is rising, exacerbated by modern lifestyles and diets high in processed foods. This has stimulated the emergence of nutritional psychiatry, a field investigating the link between diet and mental health. Concurrently, limitations in traditional psychiatric treatments highlight the need for complementary, modifiable lifestyle interventions. Aim: This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on the role of dietary patterns and specific nutrients in the prevention and management of psychiatric disorders, to provide guidance for psychoprophylaxis and dietary intervention. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed for English-language articles published after 2005. From 3,473 identified records, 110 high-quality sources were selected based on predefined criteria, including peer-reviewed journals with an impact factor. Results: The review establishes that pro-inflammatory, Western-style diets are associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety. In contrast, whole-food dietary patterns like the Mediterranean and MIND diets demonstrate protective effects. Specific nutrients—including omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, vitamin D, zinc, and probiotics (psychobiotics)—show promise in modulating key pathways like inflammation, oxidative stress, and the gut-brain axis. However, trials on single-nutrient supplementation for depression prevention have largely yielded null results, underscoring the superiority of holistic dietary changes. Conclusion: Diet is a critical, modifiable factor in mental health. Integrating nutritional counseling and evidence-based dietary patterns into standard psychiatric care offers a powerful, complementary strategy for improving mental well-being and preventing disorders.
creator: Jubran Hassan Alqahtani
creator: Reem Mohammed Alyagoob
creator: Norah Abdulaziz Alrasheed
creator: Turki Muslat Almighiri
creator: Khalid Mahdi Refaei
creator: Fahad Hatim Alotaibi
creator: Rashed Mutlaq Alhabradi.
creator: Nawaf Mohammed Aldughaishem
creator: Ali Mohmmed Alqahtani
creator: Samar Mohammed Alageel
creator: Latifah Razqan Almutairi
creator: Meshary Saleh Algharib
creator: Haya Saad Naser Albeshi
creator: ‏Nada Mohammednasuh Alsamhan
creator: Abdullah Omar Alshuqair (4)
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jubran Hassan Alqahtani, Reem Mohammed Alyagoob, Norah Abdulaziz Alrasheed, Turki Muslat Almighiri, Khalid Mahdi Refaei, Abdullah Omar Alshuqair, Fahad Hatim Alotaibi, Rashed Mutlaq Alhabradi., Nawaf Mohammed Aldughaishem , Ali Mohmmed Alqahtani, Samar Mohammed Alageel, Latifah Razqan Almutairi, Meshary Saleh Algharib, Haya Saad Naser Albeshi, ‏Nada Mohammednasuh Alsamhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1141
ending page: 1159
doi: 10.64483/202522256

Integrated Clinical Pathways for Chest Injury involving EMS, Nursing Practice, Radiologic Assessment, Laboratory and Microbiological Testing, Dental Support Roles, and Nutrition Management
type: item
description: Background: Chest trauma is a frequent and high-risk presentation in emergency medical services (EMS), accounting for nearly a quarter of all trauma-related deaths. These injuries, resulting from blunt or penetrating mechanisms, can rapidly compromise ventilation, oxygenation, and circulation, making timely assessment and management critical for patient survival. Aim: This article aims to outline the principles of prehospital evaluation and management for chest trauma, emphasizing the role of EMS in rapid recognition, stabilization, and expedited transport to definitive care. It seeks to synthesize the pathophysiology, clinical assessment, and specific interventions for life-threatening thoracic conditions within the constraints of the field environment. Methods: The approach is based on a structured primary survey (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) aligned with Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) principles. Methods include rapid clinical assessment, essential life-support interventions (e.g., oxygen administration, hemorrhage control), and specific invasive procedures like needle decompression for tension pneumothorax and occlusive dressing for open chest wounds. Results: Effective prehospital care focuses on identifying critical conditions such as tension pneumothorax, flail chest, and massive hemothorax. Interventions are time-sensitive and aimed at bridging the patient to hospital-based definitive care. The "load and go" strategy, minimizing on-scene time, is consistently associated with improved outcomes. Conclusion: The prognosis for chest trauma patients is significantly improved by efficient EMS systems that prioritize rapid assessment, immediate life-saving interventions, and coordinated transport to appropriate trauma centers.
creator: Hamoud Allifi B Alanazi
creator: Farih Bustan Alrwuili
creator: Basmah Adel S Alsoudmi
creator: Hussain Mohammed Ghaleb Alsayed
creator: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Aljehani
creator: Reem Mohammed Alyagoob
creator: Areej Fahad Alsarran
creator: Maha Mubarak Albereeki
creator: Emad Abdraubalameer M Al Aithan
creator: Mohammad Salem Aldalbihe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hamoud Allifi B Alanazi, Farih Bustan Alrwuili, Basmah Adel S Alsoudmi, Hussain Mohammed Ghaleb Alsayed, Mohammed Ali Mohammed Aljehani, Reem Mohammed Alyagoob, Areej Fahad Alsarran, Maha Mubarak Albereeki, Emad Abdraubalameer M Al Aithan, Mohammad Salem Aldalbihe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1329
ending page: 1339
doi: 10.64483/202522285

Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Contemporary Perspectives on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management for Nursing
type: item
description: Background: Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI), the co-occurrence of stress and urge incontinence, is a prevalent and burdensome condition, especially among older women. It significantly impairs quality of life, increases fall risk, and contributes to social isolation. The pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of pelvic floor weakness (causing stress leakage) and detrusor overactivity (causing urgency). Aim: This review aims to provide contemporary nursing and clinical perspectives on the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and evidence-based management of MUI, emphasizing a stepwise, patient-centered approach. Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of current literature and guidelines from major urological and gynecological societies is presented. The review covers epidemiology, risk factors, and the diagnostic pathway, including history, physical exam, bladder diaries, cough stress test, and selective use of urodynamics. Both non-surgical and surgical management strategies are detailed. Results: Evaluation begins with a detailed history, physical exam, urinalysis, and post-void residual measurement. First-line management is conservative, including bladder training, pelvic floor muscle therapy (e.g., the Knack technique), lifestyle modifications, and pharmacotherapy (e.g., antimuscarinics, mirabegron) for the urge component. For predominant stress incontinence refractory to conservative care, mid-urethral sling surgery is the standard, though pessaries, bulking agents, and adjustable devices are alternatives. Specialist referral is indicated for complex cases, surgical planning, or treatment failure. Conclusion: Effective MUI management requires accurate diagnosis of the dominant component and a multimodal treatment plan initiated with conservative strategies. Successful outcomes depend on interprofessional collaboration, realistic patient expectations, and individualized care.
creator: Asma Ahmed Shrahli
creator: Abdullah Salem Abdullah Alammar
creator: May Ali Ahmed Alassadah Assir
creator: Meshael Alwrad Alrwuili
creator: Turki Ali Mohammed Alhuzaim
creator: Fatimah Saad Alotaibi
creator: Reem Mohammad Alhumaidan
creator: Abdullah Nasser Alqumayzi
creator: Asia Omar Mohammed Abdullah
creator: Talal Houmod Ali Almutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Ahmed Shrahli, Abdullah Salem Abdullah Alammar, May Ali Ahmed Alassadah Assir, Meshael Alwrad Alrwuili, Turki Ali Mohammed Alhuzaim , Fatimah Saad Alotaibi, Reem Mohammad Alhumaidan, Abdullah Nasser Alqumayzi, Asia Omar Mohammed Abdullah, Talal Houmod Ali Almutairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1541
ending page: 1565
doi: 10.64483/202522305

Recognizing Tension Pneumothorax: A Comprehensive Guide for Paramedics and Emergency Professionals
type: item
description: Background: Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition characterized by the progressive accumulation of air within the pleural space, leading to a positive pressure that displaces mediastinal structures, impairs venous return, and causes cardiovascular collapse. It represents a critical emergency across prehospital, emergency department, and intensive care settings, requiring immediate recognition and intervention to prevent mortality. Aim: This comprehensive guide aims to educate paramedics and emergency professionals on the pathophysiology, rapid clinical identification, and emergent management of tension pneumothorax to improve patient outcomes. Methods: The article synthesizes current medical knowledge on tension pneumothorax, detailing its etiology (traumatic, iatrogenic, and spontaneous), pathophysiology, and diagnostic approaches. Evaluation methods, including point-of-care ultrasound and chest X-ray for stable patients, are reviewed, with an emphasis on clinical diagnosis for unstable patients. Results: The findings underscore that tension pneumothorax is a clinical diagnosis. Key signs include respiratory distress, hypotension, unilateral absent breath sounds, and tracheal deviation. Immediate needle decompression, typically in the anterior axillary line, is the critical first intervention, followed by definitive chest tube thoracostomy. Delays in decompression are directly linked to increased mortality. Conclusion: Proficiency in the rapid recognition and immediate management of tension pneumothorax is a fundamental competency for frontline clinicians. Successful outcomes depend on a high index of suspicion, prompt needle decompression without awaiting imaging, and coordinated interprofessional care for definitive treatment and complication management.
creator: Wael Abdullah Alharbi
creator: Eid Salem Muaythif Alhazmi
creator: Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani
creator: Rashed Ali Alhutaylah
creator: Ibrahim Jobran Moafa
creator: Shadi Abdullah Hamzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wael Abdullah Alharbi, Eid Salem Muaythif Alhazmi, Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani, Rashed Ali Alhutaylah, Ibrahim Jobran Moafa, Shadi Abdullah Hamzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-16
publication date: 2025-11-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1052
ending page: 1062
doi: 10.64483/202522240

Integrated Pharmacy, Nursing, and Physical Therapy Approaches to the Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures
type: item
description: Background: Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs) are the most common osteoporotic fracture, posing a significant clinical and public health burden, especially in aging populations. They result from compromised vertebral bodies failing under load, leading to pain, kyphotic deformity, functional decline, and an increased risk of subsequent fractures. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the integrated management of VCFs. It synthesizes information on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and evidence-based treatment strategies, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach involving pharmacy, nursing, and physical therapy. Methods: The study is a detailed narrative review. It consolidates current evidence and clinical guidelines on VCF management, covering classification systems (e.g., AO Spine, Osteoporotic Fracture classification), diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI), and a spectrum of management options from conservative care to surgical intervention. Results: The review finds that effective VCF management is multifaceted. Conservative management, including analgesia, bracing, and physical therapy, is first-line for stable fractures. For unstable or painful fractures refractory to conservative care, vertebral augmentation procedures (vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty) or surgical stabilization are effective. The prognosis is highly variable and depends on fracture morphology, underlying etiology (osteoporosis, trauma, malignancy), and patient comorbidities. A successful outcome hinges on an interprofessional team to optimize bone health, manage pain, restore function, and prevent complications. Conclusion: A patient-centered, interprofessional approach is fundamental to managing VCFs, integrating medical, rehabilitative, and surgical strategies to improve outcomes and quality of life.
creator: Nawaf Hamoud Hamad Alharbi
creator: Muhana Abdulkareem Alanazi
creator: Zamzam Ali Sahli
creator: Tagreed Mohammd Ayoub
creator: Ola Turki Alanazi
creator: Salman Salem Alharbi
creator: Sattam Abdullah Basheer ALharbi
creator: Ayyad Alhumaidi Ayyad Alharbi
creator: Mutluq Rahim Mutluq Alhafi
creator: Omar Marzouq Aloufi
creator: Salman Ratyan ALhazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nawaf Hamoud Hamad Alharbi, Muhana Abdulkareem Alanazi, Zamzam Ali Sahli, Tagreed Mohammd Ayoub , Ola Turki Alanazi, Salman Salem Alharbi, Sattam Abdullah Basheer ALharbi, Ayyad Alhumaidi Ayyad Alharbi, Mutluq Rahim Mutluq Alhafi , Omar Marzouq Aloufi, Salman Ratyan ALhazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1230
ending page: 1247
doi: 10.64483/202522268

Paediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: An Integrated Approach to Imaging, Dental Care, and Therapeutic Management
type: item
description: Background: Paediatric maxillofacial trauma is a significant source of morbidity in children, occurring during critical periods of craniofacial growth. Its incidence is rising in many developing nations due to factors like increased motorization and interpersonal violence. Managing these injuries is complex due to the unique anatomical and developmental considerations of the paediatric facial skeleton. Aim: This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology, injury patterns, and management outcomes of paediatric maxillofacial trauma in a cohort of 225 patients over a five-year period (2017-2022), and to compare findings with existing international literature. Methods: A detailed observational study was conducted, analyzing demographic data, mechanisms of injury, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were used to identify significant associations between variables such as age, cause of injury, and injury type. Results: The study found a male predominance (2:1 ratio) and identified self-fall (45%) as the most common cause. A significant finding was that 40% of patients experienced loss of consciousness, highlighting associated head injury risks. Soft-tissue injuries (58%) were most frequent, followed by dentoalveolar (30%) and mandibular fractures (20%). Conservative management was employed in 86% of cases, while open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was the primary surgical approach (62% of operative cases). Significant statistical associations were found between patient age and the cause of injury, as well as the type of soft- and hard-tissue injuries sustained. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for a vigilant, multidisciplinary approach that includes prompt neurological assessment, addresses delays in presentation, and employs age-specific, often conservative, management strategies to preserve long-term craniofacial growth and function.
creator: Saad Ali Awad Al-Anazi
creator: Itedal Yousef Ahmed Al-Butyan
creator: Sokaina Yousef Al-Butyan
creator: Zahra Saud Al-Faraj
creator: Talal Hamoud Alhazmi
creator: Ghaith Abdullah Al-Sumait
creator: Khloud Abdulrahman Alhassan Alhafaf
creator: Abdulrahman Yahya Ali Nukhayfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Ali Awad Al-Anazi, Itedal Yousef Ahmed Al-Butyan, Sokaina Yousef Al-Butyan, Zahra Saud Al-Faraj, Talal Hamoud Alhazmi, Ghaith Abdullah Al-Sumait, Khloud Abdulrahman Alhassan Alhafaf, Abdulrahman Yahya Ali Nukhayfi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1399
ending page: 1407
doi: 10.64483/202522293

Hip Fracture Overview: Integrating Medical, Nutritional, Rehabilitation, and Psychological Care
type: item
description: Background: Hip fracture is a major global health concern, particularly among the elderly, associated with high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. It typically results from low-energy falls in osteoporotic individuals, though high-energy trauma causes fractures in younger patients. Effective management requires a comprehensive, integrated approach addressing far more than the fracture itself. Aim: This review provides a holistic overview of hip fracture care, integrating medical, surgical, nutritional, rehabilitation, and psychological perspectives to optimize patient outcomes from emergency presentation through to long-term recovery and secondary prevention. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current evidence and clinical guidelines is presented, covering epidemiology, classification, multidisciplinary evaluation, surgical management options, and the critical roles of perioperative optimization and structured rehabilitation. Results: Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and imaging, with MRI for suspected occult fractures. Treatment is predominantly surgical, with the approach dictated by fracture type and patient factors: arthroplasty (total hip or hemiarthroplasty) for displaced intracapsular fractures in the elderly, and internal fixation for undisplaced intracapsular and most extracapsular fractures. Outcomes are significantly improved by early surgery (within 48 hours), effective pain control (e.g., nerve blocks), and a coordinated orthogeriatric model of care. This multidisciplinary approach addresses medical comorbidities, delirium prevention, nutrition, and early mobilization, which are essential to mitigate complications like thromboembolism, infection, and functional decline. Conclusion: Successful hip fracture management necessitates an interprofessional, patient-centered strategy. Combining timely, evidence-based surgery with comprehensive medical, nutritional, and rehabilitative support improves survival, functional recovery, and quality of l…
creator: Nada Abdulaziz Faraj Alzaidi
creator: Moatsem Eid Saleh ALsenani
creator: Luay Mohammed Abdu Faqihi
creator: Hussain Mohammed Hussain Alwabari
creator: Muath Sami Alawad
creator: Eman Abdulmohsen Alsaleh
creator: Dabiaha Shabnan Saed Alshahrani
creator: Khaled Mohammed Mousa Swid
creator: Wejdan Mohammed Althurwi
creator: Ammar Ali Hakami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Abdulaziz Faraj Alzaidi, Moatsem Eid Saleh ALsenani, Luay Mohammed Abdu Faqihi, Hussain Mohammed Hussain Alwabari, Muath Sami Alawad, Eman Abdulmohsen Alsaleh, Dabiaha Shabnan Saed Alshahrani, Khaled Mohammed Mousa Swid, Wejdan Mohammed Althurwi, Ammar Ali Hakami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1658
ending page: 1672
doi: 10.64483/202522312

Comprehensive Clinical Management of Atrial Septal Defect: A Multidisciplinary Approach Bridging Nursing, Radiology, and Laboratory Sciences
type: item
description: Background: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart anomaly characterized by a persistent interatrial communication, leading to a left-to-right shunt. If left untreated, significant defects can cause right heart volume overload, pulmonary hypertension, atrial arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical management of ASD, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates insights from nursing, radiology, and laboratory sciences to optimize patient outcomes from diagnosis through long-term follow-up. Methods: The review synthesizes current knowledge on ASD, covering its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. It details the diagnostic evaluation, primarily via transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, with advanced cross-sectional imaging (CT/MRI) for complex cases. Management strategies, including conservative surveillance, percutaneous device closure for suitable secundum defects, and surgical repair for complex anatomies, are examined. Results: Small ASDs may close spontaneously, but hemodynamically significant defects (Qp/Qs >1.5) require intervention to prevent complications. Percutaneous closure is effective for secundum defects with adequate rims, while surgical repair is necessary for primum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects. Timely closure typically leads to reverse right heart remodeling and excellent long-term prognosis, whereas delayed treatment risks irreversible pulmonary vascular disease (Eisenmenger syndrome). Conclusion: Effective ASD management relies on accurate anatomic and hemodynamic assessment to guide intervention. A coordinated, multidisciplinary team is essential for timely diagnosis, appropriate selection of closure method, and lifelong patient surveillance to prevent complications and ensure optimal quality of life.
creator: Nouf Ibrahim Ahmad Alknani
creator: Ali Humood Salah Alharbi
creator: Ahlam Abdullah Hakami
creator: Al Anoud Abdullah Al Qarni
creator: Abdullah Khalif Alanazi
creator: Alfaten Khalf Alshammri
creator: Eman Kuliab Aldhafeery
creator: Amnah Hassan Ahmed Asuni
creator: Tuqa Musaad Alahmadi
creator: Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani
creator: Abdullrahman Saad Rathaan Aldhafeeri
creator: Jaiz Nahi Nawi Aldoferi
creator: RAHMAH TANI SHARA AL DOSARI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nouf Ibrahim Ahmad Alknani, Ali Humood Salah Alharbi, Ahlam Abdullah Hakami, Al Anoud Abdullah Al Qarni, Abdullah Khalif Alanazi, Alfaten Khalf Alshammri, Eman Kuliab Aldhafeery, Amnah Hassan Ahmed Asuni, Tuqa Musaad Alahmadi, Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani, Abdullrahman Saad Rathaan Aldhafeeri, Jaiz Nahi Nawi Aldoferi, RAHMAH TANI SHARA AL DOSARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 922
ending page: 935
doi: 10.64483/202522225

Interprofessional Approaches to Heavy Metal Exposure Assessment and Management
type: item
description: Background: Heavy metal exposure, stemming from both environmental and occupational sources, poses a significant global health risk. While some metals are essential in trace amounts, others like lead, arsenic, and mercury are toxic, causing multisystem damage through mechanisms like oxidative stress and enzyme inhibition. Diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms that mimic common diseases. Aim: This comprehensive review aims to detail the interprofessional approaches required for the effective assessment and management of heavy metal toxicity. It synthesizes information on etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, and collaborative care strategies. Methods: The review outlines the critical procedures for accurate diagnosis, including the selection of appropriate biological specimens (blood, urine, hair) based on the metal's pharmacokinetics and the timing of exposure. It emphasizes advanced analytical techniques like Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the importance of rigorous quality control to prevent contamination and ensure result reliability. Results: Accurate diagnosis hinges on correlating a plausible exposure history with consistent clinical symptoms and confirmatory laboratory testing. The clinical significance of test results must be interpreted within the context of population reference ranges and individual patient factors, as even low-level exposures can be harmful to vulnerable groups. Conclusion: Effective management of heavy metal toxicity necessitates a coordinated, interprofessional effort. This involves clinicians, nurses, laboratory personnel, and toxicologists working together to ensure accurate diagnosis, guide interventions like chelation therapy, implement exposure mitigation, and protect public health.
creator: Mohammad Hssin S Alazmi
creator: Sulaiman Mohammed Dhaher Alsharari
creator: Saida Yahia Ali Ghzwani
creator: Saad Hamoud Qahtan Alshehri
creator: Khulood Majed Hamoud Almutairi
creator: Mohammed Abdulrahman M Abobaker
creator: Mohammed Eid S Aljohany
creator: Fahad Abdullah Sudan Almutairi
creator: Ali Abdulaziz Alrayes
creator: Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani
creator: Kadhem Yousef Al Sultan
creator: Ahmad Yahya Qasem Ghazwani
creator: Abdulaziz Mabrook ALzbali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Hssin S Alazmi, Sulaiman Mohammed Dhaher Alsharari, Saida Yahia Ali Ghzwani, Saad Hamoud Qahtan Alshehri, Khulood Majed Hamoud Almutairi, Mohammed Abdulrahman M Abobaker, Mohammed Eid S Aljohany , Fahad Abdullah Sudan Almutairi, Ali Abdulaziz Alrayes, Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani, Kadhem Yousef Al Sultan , Ahmad Yahya Qasem Ghazwani, Abdulaziz Mabrook ALzbali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1116
ending page: 1131
doi: 10.64483/202522250

Telehealth and Virtual Nurse Teams: Literature Review
type: item
description: Telehealth has changed health care access, especially with the implementation of virtual nurse teams who use technology to provide remote healthcare management. This literature review explores more recent literature (2018-2024) related to telehealth management and virtual nurse teams and discusses the impacts of telehealth and virtual nurse teams related to patient outcomes, access to healthcare, and nursing practice. It includes the historical growth of telehealth, the use of telehealth for chronic disease management, mental health, critical care, and the involvement of virtual nurse teams to assist in the better delivery of care. Subsequent studies show how telehealth increases access to care, lowers health care costs, and increases patient satisfaction, while also discussing the barriers to telehealth that still exist, which include limited training, technology issues, and the lack of regulation. The literature found that virtual nurse teams are effective in-service and monitoring patients, but have barriers to implementation, such as resistance to change and privacy concerns. Data suggests that there are limitations of nurse-led telehealth interventions from a systematic literature review; there were also issues of developing standardized training and acceptance of telehealth interventions. Future research should explore the best use of the telehealth space, address health care access disparities, and, if possible, try to make changes to standardized telehealth practices to ensure equitable access to all clients. This review presented how telehealth and virtual nurse teams can transform health care systems.
creator: Ahlam Zainalabdeen Alharbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahlam Zainalabdeen Alharbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1311
ending page: 1320
doi: 10.64483/202522282

Clinical Assessment and Emergency Management of Pediatric Skull Fractures
type: item
description: Background: Pediatric skull fractures are a common consequence of head trauma, with a high incidence in emergency settings. The unique anatomical and biomechanical properties of the developing skull, such as its thinness and pliability, influence fracture patterns and increase the risk of associated intracranial injury. Etiologies range from accidental falls to non-accidental trauma, necessitating a high index of suspicion in young children. Aim: This review aims to detail the clinical assessment, diagnostic evaluation, and emergency management principles for pediatric skull fractures, emphasizing a systematic, evidence-based approach and the critical role of multidisciplinary care. Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering epidemiology, pathophysiology, and standardized evaluation protocols. The use of clinical decision rules (e.g., PECARN) to guide imaging, primarily non-contrast head CT, is discussed. Management strategies from initial Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) stabilization to definitive neurosurgical intervention are outlined. Results: Most simple, linear skull fractures can be managed conservatively with observation. Neurosurgical intervention is indicated for depressed fractures (>5 mm), open fractures, fractures with dural violation (CSF leak), associated intracranial hematomas, and growing skull fractures. A thorough evaluation must always consider the possibility of abusive head trauma, especially in infants. Conclusion: Successful management of pediatric skull fractures requires rapid primary assessment, judicious use of imaging guided by clinical decision rules, and a tailored approach to intervention based on fracture type and associated injuries. Outcomes are optimized through coordinated, interprofessional teamwork involving emergency medicine, neurosurgery, pediatrics, and child protection services.
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Almazyad
creator: Eisa Ali T. Alenazi
creator: Sultan Mukhlid Nazil Al-Anazi
creator: Faisal Jazzaa Muhammad Al-Anazi
creator: Faleh Eid Faleh Alruwaili
creator: Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Al-Shammari
creator: Farih Bustan Alruwaili
creator: Zaid Ayash Madhi Alruwaili
creator: Abdulelah Saad Alsaleem
creator: Abdulraman Jawad Jawdat Rasheed
creator: Talal Ali Alsharari
creator: Aqla Mottleb Hamoud Alhazm
creator: Ayed Al Asmar Ogl Alsuwaylimi
creator: Fahhad Nadi Shukhayr Alhazmi
creator: Bader Ahmed Thamer Almsud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Almazyad, Eisa Ali T. Alenazi, Sultan Mukhlid Nazil Al-Anazi, Faisal Jazzaa Muhammad Al-Anazi, Faleh Eid Faleh Alruwaili, Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Al-Shammari, Farih Bustan Alruwaili, Zaid Ayash Madhi Alruwaili, Abdulelah Saad Alsaleem, Abdulraman Jawad Jawdat Rasheed, Talal Ali Alsharari, Aqla Mottleb Hamoud Alhazm, Ayed Al Asmar Ogl Alsuwaylimi , Fahhad Nadi Shukhayr Alhazmi, Bader Ahmed Thamer Almsud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1509
ending page: 1521
doi: 10.64483/202522303

The Relationship between Resilience and Nurse Burnout: Causes, Impacts, and Strategies to Reduce Emotional Exhaustion
type: item
description: Background: Emotional weariness, depersonalization, and a weakened sense of personal success are the hallmarks of nurse burnout, a widespread problem in healthcare systems around the world. The well-being of nurses, patient safety, and the general effectiveness of healthcare delivery are all significantly impacted by this occurrence. Resilience, or the capacity to adjust and bounce back from adversity, has become a crucial mitigating element, even when burnout is caused by things like heavy workloads, a lack of support, and emotional labor. Designing successful solutions that address organizational and individual difficulties requires an understanding of how burnout and resilience interact. Aim: This research is to examine the complex relationship between resilience and nurse burnout, pinpoint the main causes of burnout, and assess evidence-based tactics for building resilience in nursing professionals. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used, which included qualitative interviews with nurses in various healthcare settings, a systematic review of recent research, and an assessment of interventions meant to improve resilience and lessen burnout. The influence of team-based, individual, and organizational tactics was the main focus of quantitative data analysis. Results: The results show that a lack of emotional support, an excessive workload, and inadequate staffing are the main causes of burnout among nurses. Burnout symptoms are considerably lessened by resilience-building techniques like flexible scheduling, peer support groups, and mindfulness training. The culture and leadership of the organization are crucial to the continuation of resilience-building programs. Conclusion: addressing nursing burnout necessitates a thorough strategy that incorporates interventions at the individual, organizational, and policy levels. To ensure high-quality patient care and enhance nurses' well-being, resilience building is essential.Future studies should concentrate on creati…
creator: Maha Mamdouh Shawkan Aldhafeeri
creator: Hajar Ahmad Mohmad Oribi
creator: Norah Muhaysin Alshammari
creator: Rahmah Muawwadh Almutairi
creator: Najwan Fraih Alanazi
creator: Anoud Owead Alanzi
creator: Sara Jaber Aldhafeeri
creator: Helah Freah Alenazi
creator: Alanood Faiiad Alriwaily
creator: Jawaher Dahlool Alenazi
creator: Fatimah Freih Alenezi
creator: Nouf Mawash Al-Enezy
creator: Ruqayyah Awadh Jukhaydib Salma
creator: Reem Ayedh Alahmari
creator: Fatimah Hamed Alkhaldi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Mamdouh Shawkan Aldhafeeri, Hajar Ahmad Mohmad Oribi, Norah Muhaysin Alshammari, Rahmah Muawwadh Almutairi, Najwan Fraih Alanazi, Anoud Owead Alanzi, Sara Jaber Aldhafeeri, Helah Freah Alenazi, Alanood Faiiad Alriwaily, Jawaher Dahlool Alenazi, Fatimah Freih Alenezi , Nouf Mawash Al-Enezy, Ruqayyah Awadh Jukhaydib Salma, Reem Ayedh Alahmari , Fatimah Hamed Alkhaldi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1746
ending page: 1757
doi: 10.64483/202522323

The Pivotal Role of Nursing Leadership in Hospital Health Management and Quality Improvement Initiatives: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: The healthcare context in which nurses practise is increasingly complex, with financial pressures and a continued demand for high-quality, safe patient care. It is in this context that nursing leadership can no longer be regarded solely as a supportive discipline but as integral to organizational performance. Aim: To synthesize and critically analyze existing literature on the role of nursing leadership in health management and quality improvement initiatives within a hospital. Methods: A systematic narrative review methodology was adopted. A comprehensive search of electronic databases for peer-reviewed literature between the years 2000 and 2024 was carried out. Keywords included "nursing leadership," "quality improvement," "patient safety," "health management," "transformational leadership," and "hospital." Studies that met the review inclusion criteria were thematically analyzed. Results: Several pivotal nursing leadership roles were identified through the analysis, including: 1) establishing a safety culture and continuous improvement; 2) implementing and sustaining evidence-based practice (EBP); 3) applying strategic leadership styles, notably transformational and resonant leadership; 4) optimizing human resources management, including staffing and retention; and 5) using data related to performance monitoring. Conclusion: Nursing leadership is an indispensable part of effective hospital health management. Evidence clearly indicates that strong, strategic, and supportive nursing leadership development is not an optional luxury but a core essential for the pursuit of excellence in patient care and the long-term sustainability of healthcare organizations.
creator: Hana Eid Ali Al-Mawlid
creator: Salha Mohmmed Al Garni
creator: Saeed Ali S Alzahrani
creator: Mansour Bakheet Alshanbari
creator: Rawan Mansour Ali Sarhan
creator: Seham Mohammad Abdoalrahman Alhawsawi
creator: Khadijah Ahmad Abdallh bin Zarah
creator: Amnah Hamood Althalabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hana Eid Ali Al-Mawlid, Salha Mohmmed Al Garni, Saeed Ali S Alzahrani, Mansour Bakheet Alshanbari, Rawan Mansour Ali Sarhan, Seham Mohammad Abdoalrahman Alhawsawi, Khadijah Ahmad Abdallh bin Zarah, Amnah Hamood Althalabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1022
ending page: 1028
doi: 10.64483/202522232

Advances in Breast Ultrasound Imaging: A Comprehensive Review For Radiologists, Nursing, and Health Assistant
type: item
description: Background: Breast ultrasound has evolved from a supplementary tool into a fundamental modality in breast imaging. While mammography remains the primary screening method, its sensitivity is reduced in women with dense breast tissue. Ultrasound provides a real-time, high-resolution assessment that is not limited by tissue density, making it invaluable for detecting and characterizing both palpable and non-palpable abnormalities. Aim: This comprehensive review aims to detail the current role, techniques, and clinical significance of breast ultrasound. It covers its advantages, technological advancements, standardized reporting via the BI-RADS lexicon, and its integral place in diagnostic and interventional breast care. Methods: The review synthesizes established practices and guidelines, describing the systematic technique for performing breast ultrasound, the use of high-frequency linear transducers, and the critical interpretation of sonographic features such as lesion shape, margin, orientation, and posterior acoustic characteristics. Results: When used adjunctively with mammography, breast ultrasound significantly increases sensitivity for breast cancer detection, particularly in dense breasts. However, this comes with an increased rate of false-positive. Standardized BI-RADS reporting minimizes variability and guides management, from follow-up for probably benign lesions (BI-RADS 3) to biopsy for suspicious masses (BI-RADS 4/5). The modality is also essential for guiding interventions and monitoring treatment response. Conclusion: Breast ultrasound is an indispensable, safe, and versatile component of modern breast imaging. Its effectiveness relies on skilled personnel, advanced technology, and adherence to standardized protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy, guide patient management, and enhance interdisciplinary healthcare outcomes.
creator: ‏Moayed Turki Al Harbi
creator: ‏Mohammed Muaidh Sammar Almutairi
creator: Rashed Mohammed Al-Qahtani
creator: Faisal Abdu Moafa
creator: Raed Abdulmohsin Alzahrani
creator: Abdulmajeed Naser Aldakhail
creator: ‏Waleed Mohameed Binsuqiran
creator: Hassan Hussein Alsomali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ‏Moayed Turki Al Harbi, ‏Mohammed Muaidh Sammar Almutairi, Rashed Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Faisal Abdu Moafa, Raed Abdulmohsin Alzahrani, Abdulmajeed Naser Aldakhail, ‏Waleed Mohameed Binsuqiran, Hassan Hussein Alsomali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1209
ending page: 1219
doi: 10.64483/202522266

Roles of Registered Nurses and Dentists under Health Security Programs within Communities: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: In ensuring community health security, there should be optimal systems capable of addressing not only general but also specialized health concerns, especially with regard to dental or oral health, which greatly influences general well-being. Conventional systems addressing particular concerns lack efficacy when it comes to addressing overall community safety, more so when there are public health threats or crises. Aim: The systematic review investigates the efficacy of combined nurse and dentist professional roles within community health security schemes with regard to their effectiveness on health outcomes, disaster preparedness, and management of chronic illness. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for articles that were published between 2013 and 2025. Experimental/observational studies and qualitative studies that assessed interprofessional nursing and dental collaboration were included in this systematic review. Results: There was evidence that interprofessional practice made large positive differences in early systemic disease identification using oral-systemic evaluation, control of chronic disease, and disaster response capabilities. Interprofessional practice between dental and other healthcare practitioners improved outcomes related to hemoglobin A1c, hospitalization rates, and improved outcomes related to oral health. Interprofessional practice was associated with more comprehensive healthcare delivery when done during an emergency response. Conclusion: The blending of nursing knowledge and dental knowledge promotes synergistic effects for community health security. For an effective implementation strategy for these two professions to combine their knowledge, interdisciplinary education, and electronic health records would therefore be ideal for future programs focusing on such integration.
creator: Jafar Sadiq Mohsen Alhababi
creator: Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani
creator: Thamer Meshal Ghazi Alotaibi
creator: Dr. Saqer Alqarni
creator: Omar Yousef Alharbi
creator: Talal Houmod ALi Almutairi
creator: Tahrir Karim Aldhafiri
creator: Nawal Ali Ezzei Refaei
creator: Awatif Saad Alshammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jafar Sadiq Mohsen Alhababi, Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani, Thamer Meshal Ghazi Alotaibi, Dr. Saqer Alqarni, Omar Yousef Alharbi, Talal Houmod ALi Almutairi, Tahrir Karim Aldhafiri, Nawal Ali Ezzei Refaei, Awatif Saad Alshammari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1381
ending page: 1387
doi: 10.64483/202522291

Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic, Imaging, and Laboratory Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypercalcemia and an increased risk of renal and skeletal complications. Historically a symptomatic disease, most cases are now detected incidentally via routine biochemical screening, presenting a shift towards asymptomatic or mild presentations. However, untreated PHPT can still lead to significant morbidity, including nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of PHPT from diagnostic, imaging, and laboratory perspectives, detailing its pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and contemporary management strategies. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering the etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic workup (including biochemical assays and imaging modalities), and treatment options for PHPT. Results: Diagnosis is confirmed by concurrent hypercalcemia and inappropriately elevated PTH levels, after excluding secondary causes and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Localization studies like ultrasound and sestamibi scans are reserved for preoperative planning. Management is individualized: parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment and is recommended for symptomatic patients or those meeting specific criteria (e.g., age <50, osteoporosis, renal stones). For asymptomatic patients not meeting surgical criteria, a strategy of monitoring with regular calcium, renal function, and bone density checks is appropriate. Medical therapies like bisphosphonates, denosumab, and cinacalcet can help manage bone loss and hypercalcemia in non-surgical candidates. Conclusion: PHPT requires a tailored approach based on symptom status, biochemical severity, and end-organ involvement. A multidisciplinary team is essential for accurate diagnosis, appropriate selection of surgical candidates, and effective…
creator: Mohammed Abdullah Qasem
creator: Riyad Ibrahim Ali Zaidan
creator: Ali Ahmed Mohammed Alsharif
creator: Mohammed Saleh Saeed Alsufyani
creator: Mohammad Olayan Alenezi
creator: Fuad Hamdan Alsahafe
creator: Abdullah Muslat Dohim Alboqami
creator: Yahya Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi
creator: Alshammari Abdullatif Habbas
creator: Sami Hammead Alonazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Abdullah Qasem, Riyad Ibrahim Ali Zaidan, Ali Ahmed Mohammed Alsharif, Mohammed Saleh Saeed Alsufyani, Mohammad Olayan Alenezi, Fuad Hamdan Alsahafe, Abdullah Muslat Dohim Alboqami, Yahya Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi, Alshammari Abdullatif Habbas, Sami Hammead Alonazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1616
ending page: 1645
doi: 10.64483/202522310

Integrated Public Health and Nursing Approaches in the Prevention and Management of Dental Trauma in Children: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
type: item
description: Background: Traumatic Dental Injuries (TDIs) are a highly prevalent global public health issue in children, with lifetime rates of 20-30%. These injuries, often affecting the maxillary incisors, can lead to severe complications like pulp necrosis and root resorption, causing lasting functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial consequences that impair a child's quality of life. Aim: This article aims to synthesize a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the prevention and management of pediatric dental trauma, integrating perspectives from dentistry, nursing, and public health to improve clinical outcomes and reduce health disparities. Methods: The review examines the etiology, risk factors, and classification of TDIs using International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. It evaluates diagnostic methods, including traditional clinical exams and advanced perfusion-based technologies like laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry. Treatment strategies for primary and permanent teeth are analyzed, alongside preventive public health interventions and the psychological impact of trauma. Results: TDIs are influenced by age-specific behaviors and socioeconomic factors, with significant disparities in care access. Accurate diagnosis is enhanced by perfusion-based vitality tests, which are more reliable than traditional methods in children. Management is staged and biology-focused, prioritizing pulp preservation in young permanent teeth. Effective prevention requires educational programs for caregivers and school personnel, policy mandates for mouthguards in sports, and digital health tools to guide first responders. Conclusion: A coordinated, multidisciplinary strategy that bridges clinical dentistry, nursing, and public health is essential to mitigate the incidence and long-term sequelae of pediatric dental trauma. This integrated approach ensures timely intervention, equitable access to care, and improved psychosocial and functional outcomes for chil…
creator: Ola Omar Alsaeed
creator: Fahad Mana Almani
creator: Abdulilah Ibrahim Alabdullatif
creator: Abdullah Sultan Alotaibi
creator: Waleed Saud Jeleudan
creator: Munirah Fatis Alshahrani
creator: Abeer Kheder Albishi
creator: Badrieah Saud N Alesaimi
creator: Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani
creator: Monif Dhaher Thani Almutrafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ola Omar Alsaeed, Fahad Mana Almani, Abdulilah Ibrahim Alabdullatif , Abdullah Sultan Alotaibi, Waleed Saud Jeleudan, Munirah Fatis Alshahrani, Abeer Kheder Albishi, Badrieah Saud N Alesaimi, Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani, Monif Dhaher Thani Almutrafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 903
ending page: 917
doi: 10.64483/202522222

Multidisciplinary Nursing, Pharmacological, and Radiologic Perspectives in the Assessment and Management of Arachnoid Cysts
type: item
description: Background: Arachnoid cysts are benign, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled sacs that develop within the arachnoid membrane, representing one of the most common intracranial cystic lesions. They are predominantly congenital, arising from abnormal embryological development, and are most frequently located in the middle cranial fossa. While often discovered incidentally, a subset can become symptomatic due to mass effect or CSF flow obstruction. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview of arachnoid cysts, focusing on their etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management principles to guide healthcare professionals in distinguishing incidental findings from clinically significant cases requiring intervention. Methods: Diagnosis relies primarily on neuroimaging. Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are the mainstays, with cysts appearing as well-circumscribed, non-enhancing lesions that match CSF density/signal on all sequences. Advanced MRI techniques, such as cisternography and high-resolution T2-weighted imaging, are used to assess cyst communication with CSF spaces and for surgical planning. Results: The vast majority of arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic and stable, requiring only conservative monitoring with periodic clinical and radiologic follow-up. For the minority that cause symptoms like headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or hydrocephalus, surgical intervention is indicated. Treatment options include endoscopic or microsurgical fenestration to create communication with CSF pathways or, less commonly, cystoperitoneal shunting. Conclusion: A patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal management. Most cysts are benign and require no treatment, but accurate diagnosis and timely surgical referral for symptomatic cases lead to excellent outcomes. Effective interprofessional collaboration among radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and nurses ensur…
creator: Fatimah Mutairan Almutairi
creator: Asrar Mohammed Faqih
creator: Badryah Ghabran Ahmed Ghazwani
creator: Hanan Abdu Yahy Matari
creator: Marzuq Quedan Aleutaybi
creator: Faisal Mohammed Saifi Aljabri
creator: Dhoha Mohammed Daba
creator: Esaam Mohammed Abdullah Shaker
creator: Haya Tulihan Alenezi
creator: Anoud Owead Alanzi
creator: Jawaher Dahlool Alenazi
creator: Naif Mazyad Alharbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Mutairan Almutairi, Asrar Mohammed Faqih, Badryah Ghabran Ahmed Ghazwani, Hanan Abdu Yahy Matari, Marzuq Quedan Aleutaybi, Faisal Mohammed Saifi Aljabri, Dhoha Mohammed Daba, Esaam Mohammed Abdullah Shaker, Haya Tulihan Alenezi, Anoud Owead Alanzi, Jawaher Dahlool Alenazi, Naif Mazyad Alharbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1098
ending page: 1111
doi: 10.64483/202522245

Multidisciplinary Assessment and Management of Tracheal Trauma: Integration of Emergency Care, Radiology, Nursing Practice, Pharmacy Services, and General Medicine
type: item
description: Background: Tracheal trauma is a rare but life-threatening injury associated with high morbidity and mortality. Its management is complex due to the trachea's proximity to vital structures like the great vessels, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerves, often resulting in concomitant injuries. The true incidence is likely underestimated due to high prehospital mortality and underreporting of iatrogenic cases. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the multidisciplinary assessment and management of tracheal trauma, emphasizing the integration of specialties including emergency medicine, radiology, nursing, pharmacy, and general surgery to optimize patient outcomes. Methods: A detailed analysis of tracheal trauma is presented, covering anatomy, etiology (blunt, penetrating, iatrogenic, inhalational), pathophysiology, and epidemiology. The evaluation process, including clinical presentation, imaging (with CT as the preferred modality), and definitive diagnosis via bronchoscopy, is explored. Management principles are discussed through the lens of established classification systems like the Schaefer and Cardillo systems. Results: Successful outcomes depend on prompt, multidisciplinary action. Initial priority is securing the airway, ideally via awake fiberoptic intubation. Management is then individualized: minor injuries may be treated conservatively with observation and antibiotics, while larger or full-thickness lacerations require surgical repair. Complications such as stenosis, infection, and vocal cord dysfunction are common, necessitating long-term follow-up. Conclusion: A high index of suspicion, immediate airway stabilization, and a coordinated, team-based approach are critical for managing tracheal trauma. Adherence to structured evaluation and treatment protocols significantly improves survival and reduces long-term sequelae.
creator: Bader Omaym Assem Aljanfawi
creator: Abdulaziz Muqrin Alshubrumi
creator: Sultan Ayed Hammad Alharbi
creator: Yousef Hulayyil Alanazi
creator: Abdullah Fahad Al Ali
creator: Asma Abdullah Mansour Al-Juraigir
creator: Sarah Sanat Salem Alrashidi
creator: Fatimah Farhan Khulaif Alanazi
creator: Mansour Fahad Alrashidi
creator: Majed Saleh Amag Alanezi
creator: Ghadah Hamoud Alrashidi
creator: Khalid Salem Almuhawwis
creator: Fatmah Hassan Alqrin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bader Omaym Assem Aljanfawi, Abdulaziz Muqrin Alshubrumi, Sultan Ayed Hammad Alharbi, Yousef Hulayyil Alanazi, Abdullah Fahad Al Ali, Asma Abdullah Mansour Al-Juraigir, Sarah Sanat Salem Alrashidi, Fatimah Farhan Khulaif Alanazi, Mansour Fahad Alrashidi, Majed Saleh Amag Alanezi, Ghadah Hamoud Alrashidi, Khalid Salem Almuhawwis, Fatmah Hassan Alqrin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1287
ending page: 1303
doi: 10.64483/202522278

Odontogenic Orofacial Infections in Pediatrics: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Challenges, and Advanced Interdisciplinary Management in Clinical Practice
type: item
description: Background: Odontogenic orofacial infections in children are common, potentially serious conditions originating from dental caries, pulpal disease, or periodontal pathology. Historically linked to high mortality, they remain a frequent reason for emergency department visits. Pediatric patients, often first seen by non-dental clinicians, present unique diagnostic and management challenges. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and evidence-based management of pediatric odontogenic infections, emphasizing an interdisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes. Methods: A detailed narrative review synthesizes current literature on the microbial etiology, pathophysiological spread, and risk factors for severe infection. It evaluates diagnostic strategies, including clinical examination and imaging (e.g., panoramic radiograph, CT scan), and analyzes therapeutic protocols from major dental and medical guidelines. Results: The pathophysiology involves polymicrobial flora spreading from necrotic pulp or periodontal pockets along fascial planes, risking deep neck space infections like Ludwig’s angina. High-risk groups include children with diabetes, immunosuppression, or poor access to dental care. Diagnosis hinges on recognizing “red flag” symptoms (trismus, dysphagia, airway compromise). Management prioritizes definitive source control via drainage, endodontic therapy, or extraction. Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) are adjunctive for systemic signs, not a substitute for dental intervention. Analgesia favors NSAID/acetaminophen combinations over opioids. Conclusion: Successful management requires early recognition, accurate risk stratification, and prompt referral to dental specialists. A coordinated, interprofessional team approach is essential to prevent life-threatening complications and ensure effective treatment.
creator: Yahya Ahmed Mohammed Baroot
creator: Wardah Abdullah Mohammed Alotaibi
creator: Athari Abeed Moadi Alotibi
creator: Asma Mohammed Eisa Zalah
creator: Omar Ahmed Darraj
creator: Mohammad Nasser Hamdan Al Aftan
creator: Hamdan Nasser Hamdan Alotaibi
creator: Ibrahim Ahmed Abdo Khabrani
creator: Hind Abdullah Al-Matroodi
creator: Talal Mohammad Alotaiby
creator: Ibrahim Mohammed As'ad
creator: Hashemih Ali Mohammed Fattahi
creator: Mohammad Soliman Jaber Alfaifi
creator: Hassan Yazeed Yahya Ghazwani
creator: Kholoud Omar Gramish
creator: Kawther Mohsen Rizq Alkathere
creator: Abdulrahman Abdullah Alamri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yahya Ahmed Mohammed Baroot, Wardah Abdullah Mohammed Alotaibi, Athari Abeed Moadi Alotibi, Asma Mohammed Eisa Zalah, Omar Ahmed Darraj, Mohammad Nasser Hamdan Al Aftan, Hamdan Nasser Hamdan Alotaibi, Ibrahim Ahmed Abdo Khabrani, Hind Abdullah Al-Matroodi, Talal Mohammad Alotaiby, Ibrahim Mohammed As'ad, Hashemih Ali Mohammed Fattahi, Mohammad Soliman Jaber Alfaifi, Hassan Yazeed Yahya Ghazwani, Kholoud Omar Gramish, Kawther Mohsen Rizq Alkathere, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alamri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1480
ending page: 1496
doi: 10.64483/202522298

Prehospital Recognition and Management of Pneumothorax: Advancing Emergency Medical Services Practice Through Clinical Assessment, Rapid Intervention, and Evidence-Based Guidelines
type: item
description: Background: Traumatic pneumothorax is the second most common chest injury, with approximately 50,000 cases annually in the US. It is a life-threatening condition that can rapidly progress to tension physiology, leading to obstructive shock and cardiac arrest. Effective prehospital management by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is critical for patient survival, as timely intervention can prevent respiratory and hemodynamic collapse. Aim: This review aims to synthesize current evidence and guidelines for the prehospital recognition and management of traumatic pneumothorax, focusing on clinical assessment, rapid intervention strategies, and the advancement of EMS practice through technology and protocol optimization. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing established trauma protocols, clinical studies on intervention efficacy, and data on evolving prehospital technologies such as point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). The pathophysiological basis for different pneumothorax types (simple, tension, open) and corresponding management techniques were evaluated. Results: Prehospital recognition relies on a high index of suspicion based on mechanism of injury and signs like hypoxia, unilateral absent breath sounds, and hypotension. Needle thoracostomy remains the lifesaving intervention for suspected tension pneumothorax, with a growing preference for the 4th/5th intercostal space mid-axillary approach over the traditional 2nd intercostal mid-clavicular site due to higher success rates. For open ("sucking") chest wounds, application of an occlusive dressing—now often a commercially available, fully sealed device—is standard. The integration of portable POCUS shows promise for earlier field diagnosis but requires further outcome validation. Conclusion: Optimal prehospital outcomes depend on systematic assessment, protocol-driven decision-making, and proficiency in critical interventions. While techniques and equipment evolve, the cornerstone of care is…
creator: Ali Mohd Taher Geesi
creator: Nada Fahad Mutlaq Almutlaq
creator: Ahmed Suliman Alfaifi
creator: Mansour Mayudh S. Alharthi
creator: Fahad Obed Alharbi
creator: Atallah Zafran Altarfawi
creator: Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani
creator: Seham Abdullah Alsunbul
creator: Naif Madallah Alanazi
creator: Aisha Hamad Mahmoodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Mohd Taher Geesi, Nada Fahad Mutlaq Almutlaq, Ahmed Suliman Alfaifi, Mansour Mayudh S. Alharthi, Fahad Obed Alharbi, Atallah Zafran Altarfawi, Amjad Mudhayyif Alsufyani, Seham Abdullah Alsunbul, Naif Madallah Alanazi, Aisha Hamad Mahmoodi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1724
ending page: 1733
doi: 10.64483/202522317

Interdisciplinary Innovations in the Management of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures: Integrating Dental, Radiological, and Nursing Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Pediatric mandibular fractures present unique challenges due to the presence of developing tooth buds, evolving occlusion, and the dynamic growth potential of the jaw. Management must balance achieving stable fixation with preserving long-term growth and function, necessitating a departure from standard adult protocols. Aim: This article aims to present and evaluate a conservative, interdisciplinary approach to managing pediatric mandibular fractures, focusing on techniques that minimize iatrogenic harm to dental and growth structures while ensuring effective healing. Methods: The methods are illustrated through a series of case studies (ages 1.5 to 16 years) involving mandibular fractures. The primary technique involved closed reduction using a custom-molded impression compound splint secured with circummandibular wiring, often combined with bridle wiring for concomitant dental injuries. This approach is contrasted with other methods like intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with interdental hooks in older children. Results: The presented technique proved highly effective across all cases. It provided stable, non-rigid fixation, achieved satisfactory fracture alignment, and facilitated uncomplicated healing. Key outcomes included the restoration of normal occlusion, rapid return to function, and the absence of complications such as infection or injury to tooth buds. The method was also noted for its procedural efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of removal. Conclusion: A conservative strategy utilizing impression compound splints and circummandibular wiring is a safe, reliable, and biologically sound option for pediatric mandibular fracture management. Its success underscores the critical importance of an interdisciplinary team integrating dental, surgical, radiological, and nursing expertise to optimize outcomes for the growing patient.
creator: Dhabha Dauod Alenizi
creator: Dalal Nasser Alharbi
creator: Ashwaq Mohammed Haddadi
creator: Aeshah Ali Salem Albalawi
creator: Bayan Ahmed Mabrook Alkhred
creator: Ali Humood Salah Alharbi
creator: Mohammed Yahya Alfifi
creator: Jawaher Homoud Alanazi
creator: Abdulrahman Saad Bijad Alsubaie
creator: Mohammed Ayad Al Harbi
creator: Badreah Ahmad Alhadidi
creator: Maryam Essa Ayyashi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dhabha Dauod Alenizi, Dalal Nasser Alharbi, Ashwaq Mohammed Haddadi, Aeshah Ali Salem Albalawi, Bayan Ahmed Mabrook Alkhred, Ali Humood Salah Alharbi, Mohammed Yahya Alfifi , Jawaher Homoud Alanazi , Abdulrahman Saad Bijad Alsubaie, Mohammed Ayad Al Harbi , Badreah Ahmad Alhadidi, Maryam Essa Ayyashi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 995
ending page: 1001
doi: 10.64483/202522230

The Gut-Kidney Axis in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Microbiological Perspective on Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Avenues
type: item
description: Background: The human gut microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem, playing a central role in host metabolism. In Type 2 Diabetes, gut dysbiosis-characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and function-is now considered not only a consequence but also a major contributor to the development of complications such as Diabetic Kidney Disease. Indeed, the gut-kidney axis represents a key route through which microbial metabolites affect renal health. Aim: The aim of this review is to collate recent evidence (2015-2025) on the mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis drives DKD pathogenesis and to assess novel, microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies. Methods: Extensive literature review focused on microbial taxonomic and functional shifts in T2D and DKD. Review design uses a microbiological approach to dissect the gut-kidney axis, focusing on specific microbial metabolites and pathways. Results: Diabetic dysbiosis is characterized by the depletion of saccharolytic, SCFA-producing bacteria and the expansion of proteolytic pathobionts, which produce uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate and TMAO. These metabolites foster renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Therapeutic approaches using pre/probiotics, FMT, and microbial enzyme inhibitors have shown promising potential for the restoration of microbial ecology and mitigation of renal injury. Conclusion: The gut-kidney axis requires a deep microbiological understanding for the elaboration of novel biomarkers and ecologically-based interventions, with the aim of reducing the burden of DKD in the T2D population.
creator: Najat Aljohani
creator: Ahmed Aljohani
creator: Nabil Abdullah Yahya Alamir
creator: Mohammed Hussain Ali Al jarah
creator: Kamal Ahmed Aljohani
creator: Hamood Mohammed Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Najat Aljohani, Ahmed Aljohani, Nabil Abdullah Yahya Alamir, Mohammed Hussain Ali Al jarah, Kamal Ahmed Aljohani, Hamood Mohammed Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1188
ending page: 1195
doi: 10.64483/202522264

A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Kinesiology Taping in Enhancing Range of Motion and Reducing Pain
type: item
description: Background: Kinesiology taping, or KT, is a popular therapeutic technique among clinicians worldwide for managing musculoskeletal pain and impairment. Despite the widespread application in sports medicine, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation, a clear consensus on its efficacy for the improvement of ROM and pain reduction has not yet been achieved due to conflicting results presented in the literature. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to critically appraise and synthesize current evidence from RCTs regarding KT's effectiveness in improving ROM and relieving pain among patients with various musculoskeletal conditions. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PEDro databases was carried out for RCTs published between 2013 and 2024. The studies included in this review investigated the effects of KT on ROM and/or pain compared to sham taping, other interventions, or no intervention. Results: KT is associated with a small, statistically significant short-term pain reduction in conditions such as shoulder impingement and low back pain, although the clinical relevance of these findings is often doubtful. The evidence on ROM is more conflicting, with some studies demonstrating small improvements in selected populations (for example, post-stroke and ankle sprains) while others have shown no benefit compared to sham tape or active modalities. A placebo effect would seem to be an important contributor to perceived benefits. Conclusion: KT may be regarded, depending on the context, as a complementary modality for transient pain relief and gains in ROM. The magnitude of effect is usually small, and it may not be superior to other established interventions. Future high-quality research should focus on the standardization of application protocols, identification of optimal patient subgroups, and further elucidation of specific neurophysiological and biomechanical mechanisms of action.
creator: Ahmed Mohammed Alhazmi
creator: Bandar sahal Alotaibi
creator: Mohammed Abdulraman A aljuhaidu
creator: Mohammed Saeed M Aldossari
creator: Hamad Nasser Alshadied
creator: Zahiyah Mahdi Alanazi
creator: Aisha Abdullah Alahmari
creator: Amal saad Almutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Mohammed Alhazmi, Bandar sahal Alotaibi, Mohammed Abdulraman A aljuhaidu, Mohammed Saeed M Aldossari, Hamad Nasser Alshadied, Zahiyah Mahdi Alanazi, Aisha Abdullah Alahmari , Amal saad Almutairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1364
ending page: 1371
doi: 10.64483/202522289

Violent Patient Management: Advanced Safety, Security, and Clinical Support Strategies in Healthcare Settings
type: item
description: Background: Workplace violence in healthcare settings is a prevalent and serious occupational hazard, disproportionately affecting frontline staff and disrupting clinical operations. Violent or aggressive patient behavior can stem from a complex interplay of medical, psychiatric, substance-related, and environmental factors, creating significant safety challenges for healthcare teams. Aim: This review aims to outline advanced safety, security, and clinical support strategies for the management of violent patients, focusing on a systematic, interprofessional approach that prioritizes de-escalation, accurate diagnosis, and evidence-based intervention. Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of current literature, guidelines (e.g., from ACEP), and best practices is presented. The review covers the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of violence, followed by a structured approach to evaluation, differential diagnosis, and a tiered management strategy ranging from non-pharmacological techniques to pharmacological sedation and physical restraint. Results: Effective management begins with prevention through environmental design, staff training, and early recognition of agitation. The cornerstone of intervention is verbal de-escalation. When this fails and imminent danger exists, pharmacological agents (e.g., IM haloperidol/lorazepam, atypical antipsychotics, or ketamine) or physical restraints may be necessary, applied under strict protocols. A thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation is critical to identify and treat underlying causes. Complications of management include oversedation, respiratory depression, and physical injury. Conclusion: Managing violent patients requires a balanced, patient-centered approach that integrates de-escalation, rapid stabilization, and definitive treatment of the underlying condition. Success depends on a coordinated interprofessional team, clear institutional policies, and a culture of safety that protects both patients and staff.
creator: Haya Qasem Alanazie
creator: Hussam Mohammed Ibrahim Althurwi
creator: Saeed Mesfer Alghamdi
creator: Khalid Mohammed Abdulrahman Alqarni
creator: Nawaf Abdulhadi Alharbi
creator: Khalid Ali Sahhari
creator: Saeed Shaya Abdullah Al-Dossary
creator: Suha Ali Ghazwani
creator: Marwah Salma Alhazmi
creator: Abdulrahman Yahya Ali Nukhayfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Haya Qasem Alanazie, Hussam Mohammed Ibrahim Althurwi, Saeed Mesfer Alghamdi, Khalid Mohammed Abdulrahman Alqarni, Nawaf Abdulhadi Alharbi, Khalid Ali Sahhari, Saeed Shaya Abdullah Al-Dossary, Suha Ali Ghazwani, Marwah Salma Alhazmi, Abdulrahman Yahya Ali Nukhayfi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1592
ending page: 1603
doi: 10.64483/202522308

A Systematic Review of Digital Health Tools for Interdisciplinary Collaboration Across Clinical and Support Services: Bridging the Silos in Modern Healthcare
type: item
description: Background: Contemporary care delivery demands seamless collaboration across a wide array of professions, including nurses, anesthetists, laboratory personnel, and operational specialists. Traditional workflows and communications across silos have typically been barriers to this coordination, usually resulting in inefficiencies that might also pose risks to patient safety. Aim: This review synthesizes the literature on digital health tools from 2015 to 2025 to determine how they have facilitated interdisciplinary collaboration among these key stakeholders. Methods: It reviewed different technologies, such as EHRs, Health Information Exchanges, CDSSs, telehealth platforms, secure messaging applications, and ERP systems. Results: Integrated digital platforms greatly enhance the efficiency of communication, facilitate smooth patient care pathways, and extend operational decision-making. EHRs with interdisciplinary portals and HIEs provided a shared mental model for clinical teams, while telehealth and secure messaging facilitated real-time consultation. ERP systems integrated with clinical data were imperative for support services to align operational capacity with the demand for patient care. Several serious challenges remain, such as interoperability issues, very high implementation costs, alert fatigue, and resistance to cultural change. Conclusion: Digital tools can be powerful enablers of collaboration, but their success is dependent on strategic, human-centered implementation in terms of workflow integration, data standardization, and fostering a shared culture of interdisciplinary care.
creator: Ghadah Abdulmajeed Altamimi
creator: Aishah Ali Alenazi
creator: Fatimah Mohmed Almobark
creator: Ohoud Suliman Alotibi
creator: Noura Ali Albishi
creator: Mona Ali ALbishi
creator: Thara Ali Albishi
creator: Sarra Ali Albishi
creator: Reema Mohammed Salem Alqarni
creator: Maryam Mohammed Salem Algarny
creator: Rakan Ahmad Salem Alammari
creator: Basel Hamid Almuabbadi
creator: Anood Musaeid Salh Alyami
creator: Maryam Abdullah Jaber Algaezani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Abdulmajeed Altamimi, Aishah Ali Alenazi, Fatimah Mohmed Almobark, Ohoud Suliman Alotibi, Noura Ali Albishi, Mona Ali ALbishi, Thara Ali Albishi, Sarra Ali Albishi, Reema Mohammed Salem Alqarni, Maryam Mohammed Salem Algarny, Rakan Ahmad Salem Alammari, Basel Hamid Almuabbadi, Anood Musaeid Salh Alyami, Maryam Abdullah Jaber Algaezani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1079
ending page: 1086
doi: 10.64483/202522243

Biophotonics and Photodynamic Therapy: Emerging Optics-Based Treatments for Eye Conditions
type: item
description: Background: Ophthalmic medicine is increasingly leveraging the precision of light-based technologies for diagnosis and treatment. Biophotonics, the interaction of light with biological systems, and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), a light-activated treatment, represent paradigm shifts in managing complex eye diseases. These provide targeted approaches with fewer adverse effects compared to conventional treatments. Aim: The aim is to synthesize current evidence and technological advances in the years between 2013 and 2025 about the use of biophotonics and PDT to treat a range of ocular pathologies, from AMD to corneal disorders and oncological pathologies. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search terms included "ophthalmic biophotonics," "photodynamic therapy," "verteporfin," "corneal cross-linking," "retinal imaging," and "light-guided therapy." Results: The evidence confirms the established role of PDT in treating neovascular AMD and central serous chorioretinopathy. Significant refinements are noted toward the optimization of PDT parameters ("half-dose," "half-fluence") to enhance safety. Novel applications of PDT are emerging, such as in corneal neovascularization and ocular tumors. Simultaneously, biophotonic techniques, including two-photon microscopy and optogenetics, are entering the clinical arena from the research domain, providing unprecedented diagnostics at the cellular level and vision restoration strategies. Conclusion: Biophotonics and PDT represent the cornerstone technologies in current ophthalmology. Their evolution to more selective, personalized, and combination treatments promises an improvement in therapeutic outcomes and further extension of the frontiers of eye diseases that can be treated. Future integration with AI and nanotechnology will continue to cement their leading role in the revolution of ophthalmic care.
creator: Osamah Ali Saleh Alsanosi
creator: Rayan Abdullah Hamed Albeladi
creator: Khaled Abdullah Hamed Albeladi
creator: Fayez Mohammed Ahmed Al-Zahrani
creator: Ahmed Mohammed D Alqarni
creator: Ahmad Mohammed Alahmary
creator: Omar Mohammed Asiri
creator: Ahmad Abdulrhman Maqbol Alharthi
creator: Sultan Abdulrahman Al Qahtani
creator: Sarah Mohammed Abdullah Alotaibi
creator: Turki yahya safhi
creator: Saleh Abdulrahman Hamdan Alghamdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Osamah Ali Saleh Alsanosi, Rayan Abdullah Hamed Albeladi, Khaled Abdullah Hamed Albeladi, Fayez Mohammed Ahmed Al-Zahrani, Ahmed Mohammed D Alqarni, Ahmad Mohammed Alahmary, Omar Mohammed Asiri, Ahmad Abdulrhman Maqbol Alharthi, Sultan Abdulrahman Al Qahtani, Sarah Mohammed Abdullah Alotaibi, Turki yahya safhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1272
ending page: 1278
doi: 10.64483/202522275

Large Bowel Obstruction: Emergency Care, Clinical Response, and Acute Hospital Management Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Large bowel obstruction (LBO) is a critical surgical emergency characterized by the cessation of normal colonic transit, leading to rapid physiological decompensation. It is a common initial presentation of advanced colorectal cancer and can also arise from benign causes like volvulus, diverticulitis, or pseudo-obstruction. Aim: This comprehensive review aims to detail the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and contemporary management strategies for LBO, emphasizing the integration of emergency care, diagnostic imaging, and multidisciplinary treatment. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature was conducted, analyzing diagnostic approaches (including CT imaging and endoscopy) and evidence-based interventions. The review evaluates guidelines and recent clinical trials comparing endoscopic, radiologic, and surgical management. Results: Initial management prioritizes aggressive fluid resuscitation and electrolyte correction. CT imaging is the diagnostic cornerstone. For malignant LBO, self-expanding metal stenting has emerged as an effective bridge-to-surgery, reducing stoma rates and enabling elective single-stage resection with similar long-term oncologic outcomes to emergency surgery. Surgery remains definitive for many cases, with approach (single vs. multi-stage) tailored to patient physiology and disease characteristics. Specific etiologies like sigmoid volvulus require endoscopic decompression, while acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is managed with neostigmine. Conclusion: Successful LBO management requires timely diagnosis, hemodynamic stabilization, and an etiology-driven intervention strategy. A coordinated, interprofessional approach optimizes outcomes by integrating endoscopic, radiologic, and surgical expertise to reduce morbidity and mortality.
creator: Turki Mohammad Hasssan Almalki
creator: Bassam Alrimthi Alanazi
creator: Mohammed Owaid Mutlaq Alanazi
creator: Hamed Mohammed Almolhis
creator: Turki Saleh Abdulfattah Alamri
creator: Abdullah Rabie Mohammed Alsahli
creator: Saleh Muteb Nafea Albadrani
creator: Basem Saud Ahmed Farhan
creator: Mohammed Ghazi Alhejili
creator: Mohammad Nasser Hamdan Al Aftan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Turki Mohammad Hasssan Almalki, Bassam Alrimthi Alanazi, Mohammed Owaid Mutlaq Alanazi, Hamed Mohammed Almolhis, Turki Saleh Abdulfattah Alamri, Abdullah Rabie Mohammed Alsahli, Saleh Muteb Nafea Albadrani, Basem Saud Ahmed Farhan, Mohammed Ghazi Alhejili, Mohammad Nasser Hamdan Al Aftan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1444
ending page: 1463
doi: 10.64483/202522296

Marburg Virus Disease: Epidemiological Surveillance, Public Health Preparedness, and Infection Control Strategies within Healthcare Systems
type: item
description: Background: Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus (MARV), a high-consequence pathogen within the Filoviridae family. With historical case-fatality rates reaching up to 90%, MVD poses a persistent threat to global public health, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa where sporadic outbreaks occur. The virus circulates in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), with human spillover occurring through exposure to infected bats or their excreta, followed by rapid human-to-human transmission via direct contact with infectious bodily fluids. Aim: This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical management, and public health strategies for MVD, with a focus on the critical role of surveillance, healthcare system preparedness, and infection control in mitigating outbreaks. Methods: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted, synthesizing data on MARV’s virology, transmission dynamics, clinical progression, diagnostic approaches, and outbreak response frameworks. Key guidelines from major health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), were incorporated. Results: MVD presents with nonspecific early symptoms (fever, myalgia) before progressing to severe gastrointestinal illness, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, and multi-organ failure. Diagnosis relies on RT-PCR and antigen-capture ELISA. No licensed vaccines or antivirals exist; management is strictly supportive (fluid resuscitation, electrolyte correction) within high-level isolation and infection control protocols. Effective outbreak control depends on rapid case detection, contact tracing, safe burials, and stringent use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. Conclusion: The high lethality and transmissibility of MARV necessitate robust, coordinated public health responses. Strengthening surveillance, laboratory capacity, healthcare worker tra…
creator: Nouf Abdullah Mohammad Alraee
creator: Tahani Mari Madine Alsayed
creator: Ruba Ahmed Bakr Najjar
creator: Manal Abdullhadi Abdullah Alshehri
creator: Hamad Ahmad Nasser Al Saigh
creator: Arwa Abdulrahman Hussain Almadani
creator: Mudaysh Yahya Ahmad Bajawi
creator: Amal Mohammed Ali Alsabai
creator: Mehad Abdulkreem Abdulhameed Alkhifi
creator: Manal Abd Ul Rhman Gamal Alanazi
creator: Ghadeer Turki Almutairi
creator: Aeshah Jaafari Alshaari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nouf Abdullah Mohammad Alraee, Tahani Mari Madine Alsayed, Ruba Ahmed Bakr Najjar, Manal Abdullhadi Abdullah Alshehri, Hamad Ahmad Nasser Al Saigh, Arwa Abdulrahman Hussain Almadani, Mudaysh Yahya Ahmad Bajawi, Amal Mohammed Ali Alsabai, Mehad Abdulkreem Abdulhameed Alkhifi, Manal Abd Ul Rhman Gamal Alanazi, Ghadeer Turki Almutairi, Aeshah Jaafari Alshaari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1693
ending page: 1710
doi: 10.64483/202522315

The Dual Burden of Malnutrition and Oral Disease: An Updated Framework for Family Medicine, Dental Care, Nutrition Care, and Community Health Security
type: item
description: Background: The aging population faces a complex, bidirectional relationship between oral health and nutritional status. Age-related physiological decline, compounded by oral diseases like periodontitis, caries, and xerostomia, directly impairs masticatory function, leading to poor nutrition. This, in turn, accelerates systemic conditions like sarcopenia and frailty, creating a vicious cycle of decline. Aim: This review aims to synthesize an updated framework elucidating the interconnected pathways between oral dysfunction and malnutrition, and to propose integrated, multidisciplinary intervention strategies for family medicine, dental care, and community health. Methods: The article employs a comprehensive literature review methodology, analyzing the impact of specific oral conditions (edentulism, dry mouth, periodontal disease) on dietary intake and nutritional biomarkers. It further examines the shared pathophysiology, such as chronic inflammation, that links oral disease to systemic muscle loss (sarcopenia). Results: The analysis confirms that poor oral health is a primary driver of malnutrition in older adults, leading to reduced intake of protein, fiber, and essential micronutrients. Concurrently, oral inflammatory diseases exacerbate systemic inflammation, directly contributing to sarcopenia and frailty, thereby increasing disability and mortality risk. Conclusion: Breaking the cycle of oral disease and malnutrition requires a collaborative, person-centered approach. Effective management integrates dental rehabilitation, personalized nutrition, and physical therapy within a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment framework.
creator: Intisar Kalaf Albalawi
creator: Mugbil Mohammed Alotaibi
creator: Fedha Khamis Nasser Abadi
creator: Ali Bader Alsulami
creator: Azzah Atitallah Ali Alzahrani
creator: Abdullah Ali Mutair Alzahrani
creator: Abdulaziz Saeed Alghamdi
creator: Mohammed Hebah Badawi
creator: Ahmad Abdulsattar Zaghoun
creator: Marwan Saud Alharbi
creator: Mathail Lafi Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intisar Kalaf Albalawi, Mugbil Mohammed Alotaibi, Fedha Khamis Nasser Abadi, Ali Bader Apsulami, Azzah Atitallah Ali Alzahrani , Abdullah Ali Mutair Alzahrani, Abdulaziz Saeed Alghamdi, Mohammed Hebah Badawi, Ahmad Abdulsattar Zaghoun, Marwan Saud Alharbi, Mathail Lafi Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 961
ending page: 977
doi: 10.64483/202522228

Overactive Bladder Syndrome in Women: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Challenges – A Systematic Review
type: item
description: The bothersome and prevalent condition known as overactive bladder (OAB) in females is characterized by urgency, frequency, nocturia, and sometimes urge incontinence. It dramatically diminishes the quality of life by affecting social interaction, sleep patterns, and emotional well-being. This systematic review aims to extensively explore the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and treatment challenges of OAB in females. A thorough search was carried out for studies published from 2013 until 2023 in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria embraced randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and systematic reviews that concentrated on adult female populations. Studies where the male population or pediatric population was used were excluded; studies with unrelated urinary diseases were also excluded. The results speak to a multifactorial pathogenesis of OAB involving urothelial dysfunction, neurogenic dysregulation, detrusor myogenic overactivity, chronic low-grade inflammation, and hormonal components-most importantly postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. It is precipitated by factors such as aging, parity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and psychological stress. The clinical diagnostic tools comprise an accurate clinical history, some validated questionnaires, and bladder diaries apart from urodynamic studies. Behavioral plus lifestyle interventions; pharmaceutical treatment including beta-3 agonists and antimuscarinics; more advanced options such as neuromodulation and intravesical botulinum toxin injections are management techniques. Problems that remain even after therapies include inadequate relief of symptoms-drug side effects-high discontinuation rates-inconsistent patient response. Although they need more clinical validation, emerging medicines such stem cell and gene-based interventions show promise.
creator: Alaa Mohammed Baraheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa Mohammed Baraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1160
ending page: 1163
doi: 10.64483/202522257

Integrated Multidisciplinary Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Roles of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Nursing, Dental Care, Optometry, Health Informatics, Hospital Management, and Social Work
type: item
description: Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a pervasive global metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. With Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) constituting 90% of cases and its prevalence rising sharply, DM represents a major public health burden and the seventh leading cause of mortality. The disease's complexity and its associated microvascular and macrovascular complications necessitate a comprehensive management strategy. Aim: This article synthesizes the essential components for the effective, multidisciplinary management of diabetes, emphasizing a holistic approach that extends beyond glycemic control to prevent long-term complications and improve patient quality of life. Methods: The approach integrates patient education, lifestyle modification (diet and exercise), and pharmacologic therapy. Treatment is tailored to the diabetes subtype: insulin is essential for Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM), while management of T2DM progresses from metformin and lifestyle changes to other oral agents, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and potentially insulin. A coordinated interprofessional team—including physicians, nurses, diabetes educators, nutritionists, pharmacists, and various specialists—is crucial for providing comprehensive care, from diagnosis to complication screening. Results: Effective management achieves glycemic targets (e.g., HbA1c <7%) and significantly reduces the risk of devastating complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Landmark trials (LEADER, EMPA-REG OUTCOME) confirm that newer agents offer cardiovascular and renal protection. Individualized patient education is proven to enhance outcomes more effectively than generic interventions. Conclusion: Optimal diabetes care requires a sustained, patient-centered, and collaborative model that addresses the full spectrum of the disease, from pathophysiology to prevention of complications.
creator: Hussain Mohammed Hussain Alwabari
creator: Noura Ahmad Jaber Almalki
creator: Hanady Fahad Ayed Alhumaidani
creator: Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani
creator: Ahed Fallah Jadaan Al Dhafiri
creator: Abrar Ali Khormi
creator: Mohammed Saad Alhelal
creator: Norah Mesfer Alqahtani
creator: Mohammed Hameed Alhelali
creator: Abdulaziz Jaad Saqr Al Osaimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussain Mohammed Hussain Alwabari, Noura Ahmad Jaber Almalki, Hanady Fahad Ayed Alhumaidani, Ibrahim Ahmed Khabrani, Ahed Fallah Jadaan Al Dhafiri, Abrar Ali Khormi, Mohammed Saad Alhelal, Norah Mesfer Alqahtani, Mohammed Hameed Alhelali, Abdulaziz Jaad Saqr Al Osaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1340
ending page: 1356
doi: 10.64483/202522286

Stercoral Colitis: Advanced Nursing and Technical Competencies in Acute Injury Management
type: item
description: Background: Stercoral colitis is a serious inflammatory and ischemic condition of the colon caused by severe, chronic fecal impaction. Hardened fecal masses (fecalomas) exert persistent pressure on the colonic wall, leading to mucosal ulceration, ischemia, and risk of catastrophic perforation. It predominantly affects high-risk populations, including the elderly, immobile, and those with neurologic or psychiatric conditions. Aim: This review aims to outline the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and evidence-based management of stercoral colitis, with a focus on the acute nursing and technical competencies required for effective intervention. Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of current literature is presented, detailing the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnostic pathway. Emphasis is placed on the critical role of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis and risk stratification. Management strategies, from conservative disimpaction to emergent surgical resection, are discussed. Results: Diagnosis hinges on clinical suspicion in at-risk patients and is confirmed by CT findings of fecal impaction, colonic dilation (>6 cm), wall thickening (>3 mm), pericolonic fat stranding, and mucosal discontinuity indicating ischemia. Initial management for stable patients involves bowel decompression via manual or endoscopic disimpaction, bowel rest, and antibiotics. Signs of peritonitis, perforation, or failed conservative therapy mandate emergent surgical resection, typically with colostomy formation. Mortality is high (32-60%), especially with perforation or extensive (>40 cm) colonic involvement. Conclusion: Stercoral colitis is a preventable, life-threatening complication of chronic constipation. Outcomes depend on early recognition, prompt CT imaging, and timely intervention. Successful management requires an interprofessional team approach, integrating acute surgical care with long-term strategies to prevent recurrence.
creator: Abdullah Ibrahim Hassan Al Name
creator: Sattam Saleh Mohammd Alshakrah
creator: Atheer Hamoud Alotaibi
creator: Reem Ayedh Alahmari
creator: Hadeel Abdullah Almusaad
creator: Laila Ahmed Mohammed Oraibi
creator: Fatimah Ahmad Mohammad Oraibi
creator: Aminah Khalaf Noman Alshamari
creator: Ali Abdullah Mohammed Aldosari
creator: Mubarak Mohammad Al Dosary
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Ibrahim Hassan Al Name, Sattam Saleh Mohammd Alshakrah, Atheer Hamoud Alotaibi, Reem Ayedh Alahmari, Hadeel Abdullah Almusaad, Laila Ahmed Mohammed Oraibi, Fatimah Ahmad Mohammad Oraibi, Aminah Khalaf Noman Alshamari, Ali Abdullah Mohammed Aldosari, Mubarak Mohammad Al Dosary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1566
ending page: 1578
doi: 10.64483/202522306

Coordinated Healthcare Management for Chronic Diseases: Linking Nursing Leadership, Medical Record Systems, and Public Health Administration
type: item
description: Background: Chronic disease management in the U.S. is hindered by fragmented services, leading to preventable adverse events, duplicative testing, and rising costs. Coordinated care—anchored in nursing leadership, interoperable medical records, and public health administration—has been linked to better outcomes and system efficiencies. Aim: To synthesize an integrated framework for coordinated healthcare management of chronic diseases that links nurse-led care coordination, electronic health record (EHR) connectivity, and public health/administrative structures, and to illustrate its clinical impact. Methods: Narrative synthesis of empirical studies and implementation guidance on care coordination, interprofessional collaboration, and health information technology; application of the Care Coordination Model within an Accountable Care Organization (ACO) to a representative clinical case. Results: Studies demonstrate that lapses in coordination increase preventable events and missed diagnoses, whereas comprehensive coordination in high-risk populations reduces total medical spending (via fewer admissions and shorter stays). Operational enablers include: clear accountability (designated coordinators/navigators), patient support (education, navigation, social needs), durable referral compacts across settings, and EHR-enabled information exchange (e-referrals, e-consults, shared care plans). A case exemplar showed rapid specialty access, closed-loop communication, and measurable improvement in glycemic control (A1C 7.7%→6.2% in four months) following coordinated cardiology, nursing, and dietetics care. Persistent challenges include fee-for-service misalignment, payer network complexity, and EHR interoperability gaps; value-based contracts and standardized workflows mitigate these barriers. Conclusion: An integrated, nurse-led, information-connected coordination model—embedded within ACO or similar structures—improves safety, experience, and value for patients with chroni…
creator: Alwaleed Hussain Alharbi
creator: Yazeed Mohammed Alanazi
creator: Mohammed Hassan Al Salem
creator: Hadi Bader Alkhazal
creator: Bader Mohammed Alothman
creator: Tahani Abdulhadi Alajmi
creator: Ahmed Saeed Saleh Alzahrani
creator: Younes Abdulkareem Mohammed Alsowelem
creator: Khalid abdulaziz Alotaibi
creator: Ahmed Attiah alzahrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alwaleed Hussain Alharbi, Yazeed Mohammed Alanazi, Mohammed Hassan Al Salem, Hadi Bader Alkhazal, Bader Mohammed Alothman, Tahani Abdulhadi Alajmi, Ahmed Saeed Saleh Alzahrani, Younes Abdulkareem Mohammed Alsowelem, Khalid abdulaziz Alotaibi, Ahmed Attiah alzahrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-16
publication date: 2025-11-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1063
ending page: 1071
doi: 10.64483/202522241

Integrated Psychological, Anesthetic, Nursing, and General Practice Approaches to the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
type: item
description: Background: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating chronic pain condition characterized by severe, disproportionate pain and a constellation of sensory, autonomic, motor, and trophic disturbances. It typically develops after a minor injury or surgery, with a pathophysiology involving neurogenic inflammation, peripheral and central sensitization, autonomic dysregulation, and immune system involvement. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of CRPS, synthesizing current evidence on its etiology, epidemiology, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Its primary focus is to outline a holistic, integrated management approach that combines medical, rehabilitative, psychological, and interventional strategies. Methods: The study is a detailed narrative review, consolidating evidence from clinical studies, systematic reviews, and expert guidelines. It evaluates diagnostic criteria (notably the Budapest Criteria), various treatment modalities including physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychological interventions, and neuromodulation techniques like spinal cord stimulation. Results: The review finds that CRPS is a multifactorial disorder with no single curative treatment. Effective management hinges on early diagnosis and a proactive, multidisciplinary strategy. Core components include physical and occupational therapy to restore function, pharmacotherapy (e.g., corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, anticonvulsants) for symptom control, and psychological support to address pain-related distress. For refractory cases, interventional procedures such as sympathetic nerve blocks or neuromodulation can provide significant pain relief and improve quality of life. Conclusion: A coordinated, interprofessional approach is fundamental to managing CRPS, offering the best opportunity to reduce pain, prevent disability, and improve patient outcomes.
creator: Mousa Abdo Mansor Hanbashi
creator: Hisham Mohamed Ali Moaafa
creator: Turki Ali Mohammed Alhuzaim
creator: Basem Ali Hassan Harbi
creator: Fahad Mohammed Faqihi
creator: Aljawharah Saad Alrasheed
creator: Wafa Abdullah Alolaiq
creator: Ahmed Ghali Aladhab
creator: Dakheel Maashi D Alshammari
creator: Meznah Ageel Oudah Al Hazmi
creator: Mohammed Saad Alhelal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mousa Abdo Mansor Hanbashi, Hisham Mohamed Ali Moaafa, Turki Ali Mohammed Alhuzaim , Basem Ali Hassan Harbi, Fahad Mohammed Faqihi, Aljawharah Saad Alrasheed , Wafa Abdullah Alolaiq , Ahmed Ghali Aladhab, Dakheel Maashi D Alshammari, Meznah Ageel Oudah Al Hazmi , Mohammed Saad Alhelal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1248
ending page: 1263
doi: 10.64483/202522269

Integrative Approaches to Chronic Bronchitis Management: The Collaborative Role of Nursing, Laboratory Services, and Radiologists
type: item
description: Background: Chronic Bronchitis (CB) and its pediatric counterpart, Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis (PBB), are chronic respiratory conditions characterized by persistent cough and mucus hypersecretion. Driven by neutrophilic inflammation and often environmental exposures, these conditions pose significant long-term risks, including progression to COPD, bronchiectasis, and increased cardiovascular mortality, underscoring the need for proactive, integrated management. Aim: This article aims to outline a collaborative, interprofessional framework for managing CB and PBB, emphasizing the synergistic roles of pharmacists, laboratory services, and radiologists in improving patient outcomes from diagnosis through long-term care. Methods: The proposed model integrates structured clinical pathways. Pharmacists conduct frontline screening, optimize medication regimens (e.g., antibiotics, inhalers), and lead smoking cessation efforts. Laboratory services provide crucial microbiological data to guide antibiotic selection and monitor treatment response. Health administrators design and implement standardized protocols, registries for high-risk patients, and performance metrics to ensure care quality and coordination. Results: This collaborative approach facilitates early and accurate diagnosis, ensures guideline-concordant treatment (including the critical 2-week antibiotic course for PBB), and enhances patient education and adherence. It leads to reduced exacerbations, slower lung function decline, and more efficient resource utilization by streamlining workflows and preventing treatment delays. Conclusion: Effective management of chronic bronchitis requires a unified systems-based approach. By leveraging the distinct expertise of pharmacists, laboratory professionals, and administrators within a coordinated model, healthcare systems can transform the management of these conditions from reactive to proactive, ultimately improving long-term respiratory health and reducing mortali…
creator: Majed Shwiman Alshwiman
creator: Khulood Majed Hamoud Almutairi
creator: Bayan Abdullah Aloraibi
creator: Fatimah Mousa Ibrahim Alsekiny
creator: Ahmed Nasser Ali Hamdi
creator: Mohammed Eid S Aljohany
creator: Mohammed Abdulrahman M Abobaker
creator: Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi
creator: Hassan Ali Salman Muyidi
creator: Hussain Homod Habibi Namazi
creator: Sultan Mousa J Wasili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Majed Shwiman Alshwiman, Khulood Majed Hamoud Almutairi, Bayan Abdullah Aloraibi , Fatimah Mousa Ibrahim Alsekiny, Ahmed Nasser Ali Hamdi , Mohammed Eid S Aljohany , Mohammed Abdulrahman M Abobaker, Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi, Hassan Ali Salman Muyidi, Hussain Homod Habibi Namazi, Sultan Mousa J Wasili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1408
ending page: 1424
doi: 10.64483/202522294

Management of Abdominal Gunshot Wounds: Clinical Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Medical Technicians
type: item
description: Background: Abdominal gunshot wounds (GSWs) represent a severe and high-mortality subset of penetrating trauma. The damage is complex, driven by ballistic principles like kinetic energy transfer and cavitation, and frequently involves multiple intra-abdominal organs. Rapid clinical deterioration from hemorrhage and contamination necessitates an urgent, systematic response. Aim: This review outlines the comprehensive management of abdominal GSWs, emphasizing the critical roles of prehospital care, emergency department evaluation, and the integrated, multidisciplinary approach required for optimal patient outcomes. Methods: A narrative synthesis of clinical protocols and evidence-based practices is presented, covering pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnostic evaluation (including the Extended FAST exam and CT imaging), and definitive treatment strategies guided by the patient's hemodynamic status. Results: Management begins with prehospital ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and hemorrhage control. In the emergency department, hemodynamic status dictates the pathway: unstable patients proceed directly to exploratory laparotomy, while stable patients undergo CT scanning for injury characterization. The EFAST exam is a vital bedside tool for detecting hemoperitoneum in unstable cases. Definitive treatment is overwhelmingly surgical for patients with peritonitis or instability. Non-operative management is reserved for a highly select, stable subset. Core management includes aggressive resuscitation, often with massive transfusion protocols, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and tetanus prophylaxis. Conclusion: Successful management of abdominal GSWs hinges on rapid recognition, immediate resuscitation, and timely surgical intervention coordinated by a multidisciplinary trauma team. Despite advances, mortality remains high, underscoring the need for efficient trauma systems and ongoing advocacy for primary prevention of firearm violence.
creator: Fisal Mohammed Abdullhadi Sarwr
creator: Meshari Abed Jadullah Hamad
creator: Yasir Ahmed Abdolgader Ghabban
creator: Ahmed Mohammed A. ALmuntashiri
creator: Shabaan Saleh Hussain ALmaslamani
creator: Majed Abdullah Mohammed Asiri
creator: Mashhour Shaqi D ALruwaili
creator: Mohanad Awdah M Albalwe
creator: Murdi Fayed Eid Al-Shammari
creator: Hamoud Nahi Alanazi
creator: Abdullah Hamad Al-Anazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fisal Mohammed Abdullhadi Sarwr, Meshari Abed Jadullah Hamad, Yasir Ahmed Abdolgader Ghabban, Ahmed Mohammed A. ALmuntashiri, Shabaan Saleh Hussain ALmaslamani, Majed Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Mashhour Shaqi D ALruwaili, Mohanad Awdah M Albalwe, Murdi Fayed Eid Al-Shammari, Hamoud Nahi Alanazi, Abdullah Hamad Al-Anazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1673
ending page: 1684
doi: 10.64483/202522313

Integrated Medical and Nursing Perspectives in the Emergency Management of Venous Gas Embolism: A Multidisciplinary Clinical Approach
type: item
description: Background: Venous Gas Embolism (VGE) is a critical condition characterized by the entrainment of gas into the venous system, often due to iatrogenic causes like central venous catheterization and neurosurgery. It can lead to right ventricular outflow obstruction, cardiovascular collapse, and, via paradoxical embolism, systemic end-organ ischemia. Aim: This article aims to synthesize an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the emergency management of VGE, emphasizing the collaborative roles of medicine and nursing in rapid diagnosis, stabilization, and treatment to improve patient outcomes. Methods: The review examines the pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical presentation of VGE. It evaluates diagnostic modalities, including continuous capnography and echocardiography, and details a structured management protocol involving immediate source control, patient repositioning, hemodynamic support, and aspiration of intracardiac air. Results: VGE presents with a spectrum of symptoms, from subtle changes in end-tidal CO₂ to fulminant cardiovascular collapse. Key interventions—administering 100% oxygen, placing the patient in the left lateral decubitus position, and aspirating air via a central venous catheter—are time-critical. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a crucial adjunct for severe cases, particularly those with neurological involvement. Conclusion: Successful management of VGE hinges on a high index of suspicion and immediate, coordinated action by a multidisciplinary team. A protocolized response that integrates medical and nursing expertise is essential to mitigate this life-threatening emergency's high morbidity and mortality.
creator: Mutual Mohamad Khalaf Alrougy
creator: Monif Dhaher Thani Almutrafi
creator: Abdullah Amer B Aldosari
creator: Mona Abolghith Umar Qdaimi
creator: Sarah Mubarak M Aldawsari
creator: Salha Mohammed Al-Thrwy
creator: Fahad Bandar Almutairi
creator: Azzah Atitallah Ali Alzahrani
creator: Sahar Saad Saed Alshahrani
creator: Guzail Masfer Alotibi
creator: Afaf Hassan Alnami
creator: Khalid Nasser Aldhahran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mutual Mohamad Khalaf Alrougy, Monif Dhaher Thani Almutrafi, Abdullah Amer B Aldosari, Mona Abolghith Umar Qdaimi, Sarah Mubarak M Aldawsari, Salha Mohammed Al-Thrwy, Fahad Bandar Almutairi, Azzah Atitallah Ali Alzahrani, Sahar Saad Saed Alshahrani, Guzail Masfer Alotibi, Afaf Hassan Alnami, Khalid Nasser Aldhahran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 936
ending page: 946
doi: 10.64483/202522226

Interdisciplinary Strategies for Optimizing Prenatal Genetic Screening in Family-Centered Care Systems
type: item
description: Background: Prenatal genetic screening has evolved from basic serum tests into a sophisticated component of modern reproductive care, capable of assessing risk for a wide range of fetal chromosomal and genetic conditions. This expansion, which now includes first and second-trimester serum analytics, nuchal translucency ultrasound, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing, and universal carrier screening, necessitates a highly coordinated and informed approach to ensure equitable and effective patient care. Aim: This article aims to outline interdisciplinary strategies for optimizing prenatal genetic screening within a family-centered care model. It emphasizes the critical role of patient education, shared decision-making, and the careful integration of various screening modalities to support informed reproductive choices. Methods: The review synthesizes established clinical procedures and guidelines, detailing the technical execution of screening methods, appropriate specimen collection, and the interpretation of complex results. It highlights the importance of pre-test and post-test genetic counseling to navigate the benefits, limitations, and potential outcomes of each testing pathway. Results: A patient-centered approach, where all pregnant individuals are offered screening regardless of perceived risk, is fundamental. While cfDNA offers high sensitivity for common aneuploidies, factors like low fetal fraction can lead to indeterminate results. All positive screens require confirmation with diagnostic procedures like amniocentesis. Effective management relies on clear communication among clinicians, genetic counselors, sonographers, and laboratory staff. Conclusion: Optimizing prenatal genetic screening requires a collaborative, interdisciplinary effort focused on patient safety, education, and ethical counseling. This integrated model empowers families with knowledge, facilitates early diagnosis and planning, and ultimately improves maternal-fetal outcomes.
creator: Ali Ahmad Altherwi
creator: Hamoud Awad Al-Harbi
creator: Matar Omishan Alhazmi
creator: Fahad Lafi Aljohani
creator: Yasser Ali Mubrk Alsuhimi
creator: Abdullah Mastour M
creator: Naif Gobishan ALsuhaymi
creator: Ataallah Awadh Alsehaimi
creator: Turke Ali Alajmi
creator: Ahmad Abdulsattar Zaghoun
creator: Marwan Saud Alharbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Ahmad Altherwi, Hamoud Awad Al-Harbi, Matar Omishan Alhazmi, Fahad Lafi Aljohani , Yasser Ali Mubrk Alsuhimi, Abdullah Mastour M, Naif Gobishan ALsuhaymi , Ataallah Awadh Alsehaimi, Turke Ali Alajmi , Ahmad Abdulsattar Zaghoun, Marwan Saud Alharbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1132
ending page: 1140
doi: 10.64483/202522251

Digital Transformation in Healthcare Administration: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Telehealth on Administrative and Secretarial Roles
type: item
description: Background: The rapid growth of telehealth has transformed clinical service delivery, but its deep implications for health care's administrative core have gone largely unexamined. Administrative and secretarial staff are essential in the coordination of virtual care, though their role is being reshaped by changing responsibilities, workflow interruptions, and new skill requirements. Aim: The review aims to conduct a systematic inquiry into how telehealth technologies influence the roles, challenges, and competency needs of administrative and secretarial staff in healthcare. Methods: A systematic search was carried out through PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Business Source Complete, and Web of Science for literature within the period of 2013-2025. Included were qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies that were analyzed using narrative synthesis. Results: With telehealth integration, the transformed administrative role encompasses much more complex digital care coordination, patient technology education, and virtual clinic management than traditional scheduling and filing. The integration of telehealth introduced such issues as new digital literacy demands on administration, fragmentation of workflows, and new responsibilities for patient education. Importantly, the "digital front door" to healthcare placed administrative staff at a critical position in the facilitation of equitable access and simultaneously exposed them to new stressors. Conclusion: The administration of healthcare has been irrevocably altered by telehealth, making the roles more complex but also possibly more rewarding. Strategic investments in training, workflow redesign, and supportive technologies will be required to harness the full potential of administrative professionals in the digital health era.
creator: Khalid Abdulrahman Jamal Alanazi
creator: Manal Abdulrahman Gamal Al Anazi
creator: Salem Hammad Alanazi
creator: Shuail Fahad Aldawsari
creator: Alhanouf Abdullah Alarifi
creator: Abdulaziz Mohammed Ali Alkathiri
creator: Maged Mohammad Hussein ALtumaihi
creator: Obaid Salman Tamim ALDOSSARY
creator: Nouf Yahya Ahmad Habtare
creator: Ali Ahmed Mohammed Matari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Abdulrahman Jamal Alanazi, Manal Abdulrahman Gamal Al Anazi, Salem Hammad Alanazi, Shuail Fahad Aldawsari , Alhanouf Abdullah Alarifi , Abdulaziz Mohammed Ali Alkathiri, Maged Mohammad Hussein ALtumaihi, Obaid Salman Tamim ALDOSSARY, Nouf Yahya Ahmad Habtare , Ali Ahmed Mohammed Matari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1321
ending page: 1328
doi: 10.64483/202522283

Large Bowel Obstruction in the Emergency Department: Clinical Assessment and Rapid Intervention
type: item
description: Background: Large bowel obstruction (LBO) is a critical surgical emergency often complicated by sepsis, dehydration, and hemodynamic instability. Its etiology is diverse, with colorectal carcinoma being the most common cause in adults, especially as the initial presentation of cancer. A competent ileocecal valve can lead to a closed-loop obstruction, escalating the risk of cecal perforation. Aim: This review aims to outline the comprehensive clinical assessment, diagnostic evaluation, and principles of rapid intervention for LBO in the emergency setting, emphasizing evidence-based management and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: A synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and systematic evaluation of LBO. Diagnostic modalities, including plain radiography and computed tomography (CT), and the application of clinical decision rules are discussed. Management strategies from initial resuscitation to definitive surgical and endoscopic interventions are detailed. Results: Initial management prioritizes aggressive fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte imbalances. CT imaging is the cornerstone for diagnosis and determining etiology. Treatment is etiology-specific: self-expanding metal stenting serves as an effective bridge to surgery for left-sided malignant obstructions, while sigmoid volvulus often requires endoscopic decompression. Surgical resection remains definitive for many cases, especially in right-sided obstructions or when perforation or ischemia is present. Conclusion: Successful management of LBO requires prompt recognition, systematic resuscitation, and accurate imaging to guide timely intervention. The choice between endoscopic, surgical, or conservative strategies must be individualized based on etiology, patient physiology, and available expertise. Outcomes are optimized through coordinated, interprofessional care.
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Almazyad
creator: Eisa Ali T. Alenazi
creator: Sultan Mukhlid Nazil Alanazi
creator: Faisal Jazzaa Muhammad Alanazi
creator: Faleh Eid Faleh Alruwaili
creator: Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Alshammari
creator: Farih Bustan Alruwili
creator: Zaid Ayash Madhi Alruwaili
creator: Abdulelah Saad Alsaleem
creator: Abdulraman Jawad Jawdat Rasheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Almazyad, Eisa Ali T. Alenazi, Sultan Mukhlid Nazil Alanazi, Faisal Jazzaa Muhammad Alanazi, Faleh Eid Faleh Alruwaili, Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Alshammari, Farih Bustan Alruwili, Zaid Ayash Madhi Alruwaili, Abdulelah Saad Alsaleem, Abdulraman Jawad Jawdat Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1522
ending page: 1540
doi: 10.64483/202522304

Narrative Review: Nursing Interventions for Managing Anxiety and Depression in Acute Care Settings
type: item
description: Background: Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent comorbidities in acute care settings, affecting up to 30-40% of inpatients. Despite their high prevalence and profound impact, these conditions are frequently under-recognized and sub-optimally managed within the fast-paced, biomedically focused environment of acute care units. Aim: This narrative review aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on effective, nurse-led interventions for the screening, assessment, and management of anxiety and depression in adult patients within acute medical and surgical inpatient settings. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library was conducted for literature published between 2010 and 2024. Keywords included "acute care," "general hospital," "inpatient," "anxiety," "depression," "nursing interventions," "screening," and "management." Results: Effective management is underpinned by systematic screening using validated tools like the GAD-2/7 and PHQ-2/9. Evidence supports a multi-modal approach: foundational therapeutic communication (active listening, validation); psychoeducation to demystify the illness experience; targeted psychological strategies (problem-solving therapy, behavioral activation, relaxation techniques); collaborative medication management; and structured family involvement. Conclusion: Nurses are pivotal in mitigating the adverse effects of anxiety and depression in acute care. Moving from tacit to explicit, protocol-driven care requires empowering nurses with knowledge, skills, and systemic support. Integrating evidence-based psychosocial interventions into standard nursing practice is not an optional adjunct but an essential component of holistic, high-quality acute care that can improve patient experience, clinical outcomes, and healthcare efficiency.
creator: Fatimah Haidar Hussein Abutalib
creator: Zailaey Ashwaq Naser
creator: Anoud Ibrahim Ahmd Ahmdini
creator: Nawal Ali Ali Awaji
creator: Reham Abdu Abdallah Refaee
creator: Kamlah Mahdi Mohammed Khardali
creator: Sharifah Husain Yahya Dabash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Haidar Hussein Abutalib, Zailaey Ashwaq Naser, Anoud Ibrahim Ahmd Ahmdini, Nawal Ali Ali Awaji, Reham Abdu Abdallah Refaee, Kamlah Mahdi Mohammed Khardali, Sharifah Husain Yahya Dabash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1758
ending page: 1764
doi: 10.64483/202412324

Role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the Development and Progression of Cervical Cancer
type: item
description: Cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, disproportionately affecting women in low- and middle-income countries despite its high preventability. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV), particularly genotypes 16 and 18, is a necessary causal factor in cervical carcinogenesis. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of HPV in the initiation and progression of cervical cancer, spanning viral biology, molecular pathogenesis, host determinants, and clinical implications. We summarize HPV structure, classification, transmission, and natural history, highlighting how the E6 and E7 oncoproteins disrupt p53 and pRb pathways, drive genomic instability, and interact with host epigenetic and DNA damage-response machinery. We also examine host genetic susceptibility, hormonal influences, smoking, HIV-associated immunosuppression, cervicovaginal dysbiosis, micronutrient deficiencies, and immune evasion mechanisms that condition progression from transient infection to high-grade lesions and invasive cancer. Finally, we review advances in HPV-based screening, biomarkers, and prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, and discuss how HPV status and genotype inform prognosis and treatment response. Understanding these viral–host interactions is essential for optimizing implementation of the WHO 90-70-90 strategy and for designing context-appropriate interventions to reduce persistent global inequities in cervical cancer burden. Special emphasis is placed on challenges and opportunities for scaling prevention and care in high-burden, resource-limited settings.
creator: Ohoud Ibrahim fallata
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ohoud Ibrahim fallata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-16
publication date: 2025-11-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1029
ending page: 1051
doi: 10.64483/202522237

Comprehensive Epidemiology, Acute Care, Operative Intervention, and Nursing Management of Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
type: item
description: Background: Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis (CST) is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by thrombotic occlusion of the cavernous sinus, a critical venous plexus at the skull base. It most commonly arises from the septic spread of infections originating in the face, sinuses, or orbits. Despite its rarity, CST carries a high risk of severe morbidity and mortality due to its proximity to crucial neurovascular structures, including cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of CST, aiming to synthesize current knowledge on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and evidence-based management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Methods: The study is a detailed narrative review, consolidating evidence from clinical studies, case series, and expert guidelines. It covers the anatomical basis, risk factors, microbiological etiology, and systematic approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Results: CST typically presents with fever, severe headache, periorbital edema, chemosis, and ophthalmoplegia. Diagnosis is confirmed via contrast-enhanced MRI or CT venography. Management is multifaceted and requires immediate, broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, often combined with anticoagulation to prevent thrombus propagation. Surgical intervention may be necessary to address the primary source of infection. While modern management has significantly reduced mortality from historical rates of >80% to approximately 8-13%, long-term sequelae such as visual loss and persistent cranial nerve palsies remain common. Conclusion: Successful outcomes depend on early recognition, rapid neuroimaging, and aggressive, multidisciplinary management involving antimicrobial therapy, anticoagulation, and surgical source control.
creator: Ibrahim Ataa Alaraj alshehri
creator: Falah Atallah F Alhomaidani
creator: Ghazi Farhan Aladuhum Aleinziu
creator: Mohammed Radhi M Alanazi
creator: Hamdan Malaa Hamdan Alanazi
creator: Mansour Faraj Alanazi
creator: Fahad Ahmed Aljumaiah
creator: Entesar Bakr Takroni
creator: Yahya Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi
creator: Muteb Mohsen H
creator: Hamzah Saleem Alamri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Ataa Alaraj alshehri, Falah Atallah F Alhomaidani , Ghazi Farhan Aladuhum Aleinziu, Mohammed Radhi M Alanazi, Hamdan Malaa Hamdan Alanazi, Mansour Faraj Alanazi, Fahad Ahmed Aljumaiah , Entesar Bakr Takroni, Yahya Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi , Muteb Mohsen H, Hamzah Saleem Alamri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1220
ending page: 1229
doi: 10.64483/202522267

Clinical Assessment and Management of Blunt Cardiac Injury for Nursing and Frontline Healthcare Providers
type: item
description: Background: Blunt cardiac injury (BCI) encompasses a spectrum of conditions resulting from chest trauma. While most patients, particularly those with minor injuries, recover fully, a subset with severe trauma faces significant acute and delayed complications. The diagnosis and management of BCI are challenging due to its variable presentation and the lack of universal diagnostic criteria. Aim: This article aims to review the potential complications, long-term management strategies, and the critical role of interprofessional collaboration in optimizing outcomes for patients with BCI. Methods: The approach is based on a review of clinical practices and consensus. It advocates for a systematic management protocol involving initial screening with electrocardiography (ECG) and troponin levels, inpatient monitoring for high-risk patients, and structured medium-term follow-up. Results: Most patients with minor BCI recover without lasting consequences. However, severe injuries can lead to acute complications (e.g., chamber rupture) or delayed sequelae such as heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and constrictive pericarditis. Effective management hinges on a coordinated, interprofessional team approach, clear patient education on warning symptoms, and a recommended follow-up evaluation at 3 to 6 months post-injury. Conclusion: A proactive and collaborative approach, balancing the generally favorable prognosis with vigilance for rare but serious complications, is essential for the effective long-term care of patients with BCI.
creator: Ali Ismail Gaisi
creator: Farih Bustan Al-Ruwaili
creator: Saad Sanaitan Al-Mutairi
creator: Turki Ghazi Turki Al-Otaibi
creator: Ayat Adnan Al-Bahrani
creator: Zainab Matoog Al-Jadin
creator: Amal Mattoq Al-Jaidan
creator: Abduladeem Radi Al-Jubaili
creator: Bader Mohammed Al-Mohasen
creator: Zahra Hassan Al-Asmari
creator: Reem Hilal Break Al-Otaibi
creator: Abdulaziz Khalif Al-Mutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Ismail Gaisi, Farih Bustan Al-Ruwaili, Saad Sanaitan Al-Mutairi, Turki Ghazi Turki Al-Otaibi, Ayat Adnan Al-Bahrani, Zainab Matoog Al-Jadin, Amal Mattoq Al-Jaidan, Abduladeem Radi Al-Jubaili, Bader Mohammed Al-Mohasen, Zahra Hassan Al-Asmari, Reem Hilal Break Al-Otaibi, Abdulaziz Khalif Al-Mutairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1388
ending page: 1398
doi: 10.64483/202522292

Management of the Avulsed Tooth in Emergency and Prehospital Care
type: item
description: Background: Tooth avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket, is a serious dental emergency, predominantly affecting the maxillary anterior teeth in children and adolescents. Its management is time-critical, as the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on the root surface and the long-term prognosis are heavily dependent on immediate and appropriate prehospital and emergency care. Aim: This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, and, most importantly, the evidence-based emergency and prehospital management protocols for avulsed permanent teeth, with the goal of optimizing outcomes through timely intervention. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review synthesizes current guidelines from dental traumatology, focusing on the critical steps from the moment of injury to definitive dental care. It examines the importance of storage media, handling techniques, replantation procedures, and adjunctive therapies. Results: Immediate replantation at the site of injury is ideal. When not possible, storing the tooth in a physiologically compatible medium like milk or saline is essential to preserve PDL cell viability. The extraoral dry time is the single most critical prognostic factor; dry storage beyond 60 minutes drastically increases the risk of root resorption and ankylosis. Management involves gentle cleansing, possible anti-resorptive pre-treatment, careful replantation, semi-rigid splinting for approximately two weeks, and systemic antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline). Long-term success requires diligent follow-up, including pulp vitality testing and timely endodontic treatment for mature teeth. Conclusion: Successful management of an avulsed tooth hinges on a coordinated, rapid response. Public and professional education on proper first-aid (crown handling, use of milk) is vital to improve outcomes. Adherence to established protocols for replantation, splinting, and follow-up care maximizes the potential for long-term tooth retention, p…
creator: Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Alshammari
creator: Faisal Dhuwaihi Al-Otaibi
creator: Sultan Mansour Matar Alanzi
creator: Fahad Soud Shoei Aliraqi
creator: Naif Mohammed Alhassan
creator: Aeshah Ali Salem Albalawi
creator: Rehab Tayeb Hazazi
creator: Hanan Fahad Alsulami
creator: Maryam Mutairan Ghanaem Alharbi
creator: Hosam Hasan Alzhrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrhman Mouhsen Ali Alshammari, Faisal Dhuwaihi Al-Otaibi, Sultan Mansour Matar Alanzi, Fahad Soud Shoei Aliraqi, Naif Mohammed Alhassan, Aeshah Ali Salem Albalawi, Rehab Tayeb Hazazi, Hanan Fahad Alsulami, Maryam Mutairan Ghanaem Alharbi, Hosam Hasan Alzhrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1646
ending page: 1657
doi: 10.64483/202522311

Occipital Brain Abscess with Obstructive Hydrocephalus Caused by Streptococcus anginosus in a 24-Year-Old Male: A Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Brain abscesses are severe intracranial infections with significant morbidity and mortality. The Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), known for its abscess-forming potential in deep tissues, rarely causes central nervous system (CNS) infections. Case Presentation: We report a 24-year-old immunocompetent male presenting with high-grade fever, headache, vomiting, and confusion. Imaging revealed a right occipital lobe abscess with obstructive hydrocephalus. Cerebrospinal fluid culture grew S. anginosus, confirming the diagnosis. The patient underwent emergency insertion of an external ventricular drain and received empirical meropenem and vancomycin, later de-escalated to cefotaxime based on sensitivity testing. Follow-up imaging demonstrated complete abscess resolution after six weeks of antibiotic therapy. Discussion: This case represents, to our knowledge, the first documented S. anginosus brain abscess in Saudi Arabia. The pathogen’s ability to produce tissue-invasive enzymes and biofilms contributes to its virulence. While streptococci are frequently isolated from brain abscesses in the region, species-level identification is often lacking, leading to underreporting of SAG-related infections. Early neuroimaging, microbiological identification, and combined surgical-antibiotic management are crucial for favorable outcomes. Conclusion: S. anginosus should be considered a potential cause of brain abscesses, even in healthy individuals. Routine species-level microbiological analysis is essential for accurate diagnosis, targeted therapy, and improved epidemiological understanding.
creator: Sirajo Tambuwal
creator: Seriehan Mubarak Alshammari
creator: Mubarak Alhumaidi Alshammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sirajo Tambuwal, Seriehan Mubarak Alshammari, Mubarak Alhumaidi Alshammari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 918
ending page: 921
doi: 10.64483/202522224

Integrating Ethical AI Governance into Administrative Decision Support Systems: A Case-Study Synthesis and Implementation Framework
type: item
description: Administrative decision support systems increasingly rely on Artificial Intelligence (AI) to allocate resources, prioritise cases, and recommend actions. While these systems promise efficiency and predictive power, they also introduce ethical risks, including bias, opacity, and accountability gaps. This paper examines how ethical governance models—self-regulatory, co-regulatory, and statutory—can be integrated into AI-enabled DSS. Drawing on a focused literature review and three case studies in healthcare, civil service human resources, and municipal administration, we compare safeguards across models (fairness audits, transparency artefacts, accountability mechanisms, and human oversight) and assess their effects on trust, contestability, and performance. Our analysis finds that hybrid governance, combining internal controls, multi-stakeholder engagement, and proportionate statutory oversight, best balances innovation with ethical integrity. We propose a practical mapping from principles to controls, metrics, and documentary artefacts, and outline priorities for research and policy, including adaptive regulation, routine impact assessment, and post-deployment monitoring for bias and drift. The paper concludes with an expanded framework and checklist to aid practitioners in operationalising ethical AI governance throughout the DSS lifecycle.
creator: Abdullah Alrwili
creator: Farook Ayyub Kantharia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Alrwili, Farook Ayyub Kantharia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1112
ending page: 1115
doi: 10.64483/202522248

The Resuscitation Room of the Future: A Systematic Review of Smart Technology and Integrated Monitoring in Critical Care Resuscitation
type: item
description: Background: The resuscitation room is a high-stakes, time-sensitive environment where clinical decisions need to be swift and accurate. Traditional, disconnected monitoring systems and manual interventions result in cognitive overload and delay recognition and suboptimal care. Aim: To synthesize the current evidence and conceptual frameworks for the "resuscitation room of the future," focusing on the role of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring, continuous capnography, automated CPR devices, and smart intravenous pumps with electronic medical record integration. Methods: Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and CINAHL for peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and white papers from 2013 through 2025. Results: The integration of these technologies demonstrates significant benefits. The non-invasive hemodynamic monitors can provide continuous, real-time data on cardiac output and fluid responsiveness to guide more precise resuscitation. Universal continuous capnography enhances the safety of procedural sedation and confirms endotracheal tube placement while serving as a prognostic marker in cardiac arrest. The automated CPR devices provide consistent, high-quality chest compressions and facilitate procedures during transport. Conclusion: The resuscitation room is a rapidly evolving environment that will be highly integrated and dependent on data. Smart technologies and integrated monitoring systems hold great promise for decreasing human error, optimizing workflow, and enhancing the precision of resuscitative care. Future utilization will have to overcome the challenges of cost, interoperability, data security, and requirements for robust training if the full potential of this technological transformation is to be completely realized.
creator: Thamer Abdullah Alenezi
creator: Ahmed Abdulaziz Alanazi
creator: Hamoud Zaki Alanazi
creator: Mansuor Farhan Alenzi
creator: Yahia Nafaa Alenez
creator: Musallam Humidan ALanzi
creator: Abdullah Owaid Alanazi
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Alanazi
creator: Bandar Dali Zaidan Al-Hazmi
creator: Abdulaziz Khalaf Habib Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Thamer Abdullah Alenezi, Ahmed Abdulaziz Alanazi, Hamoud Zaki Alanazi, Mansuor Farhan Alenzi, Yahia Nafaa Alenez, Musallam Humidan ALanzi, Abdullah Owaid Alanazi, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alanazi, Bandar Dali Zaidan Al-Hazmi, Abdulaziz Khalaf Habib Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1304
ending page: 1310
doi: 10.64483/202522281

Nursing Care and Pharmacists Management of Central Venous Catheters: Evidence-Based Practices for Safety and Infection Prevention
type: item
description: Background: Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) are indispensable for administering critical therapies in settings like intensive care, oncology, and hemodialysis. However, their use carries significant risks, with Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) being a foremost concern. CLABSIs contribute substantially to patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, underscoring the vital importance of evidence-based catheter management. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of evidence-based practices for the nursing care and management of CVCs, with a primary focus on strategies to prevent infections and enhance patient safety throughout the catheter lifecycle. Methods: The review synthesizes established guidelines and best practices, covering CVC anatomy, indications, and contraindications. It details the essential equipment, personnel competencies, and meticulous techniques required for insertion, daily maintenance, and monitoring. The critical roles of sterile protocols, skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine, appropriate dressing selection, and securement devices are emphasized. Results: Adherence to structured care bundles significantly reduces complications. Key results highlight that meticulous hand hygiene, maximal sterile barriers during insertion, daily chlorhexidine bathing, and the use of dedicated vascular access teams are proven to lower CLABSI rates. Furthermore, daily review of catheter necessity and prompt removal when no longer indicated are crucial for minimizing infection risk and healthcare costs. Conclusion: Effective CVC management is a fundamental nursing responsibility that directly impacts patient outcomes. A consistent, multidisciplinary approach grounded in evidence-based protocols is essential for preventing complications and ensuring patient safety.
creator: Shaden Abdullah Alharbi
creator: Yousef Tala Almutairi
creator: Sheddi Raffaa Alshammari
creator: Ranya Salem Baabbad
creator: Ibrahim Suliman Alaboudi
creator: Rawdah Mohammed Omar Alsomali
creator: Amna Mohammed Ali Wahishi
creator: Nahlah Abdulrahman Alfaraj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shaden Abdullah Alharbi, Yousef Tala Almutairi, Sheddi Raffaa Alshammari, Ranya Salem Baabbad, Ibrahim Suliman Alaboudi, Rawdah Mohammed Omar Alsomali, Amna Mohammed Ali Wahishi, Nahlah Abdulrahman Alfaraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1497
ending page: 1508
doi: 10.64483/202522302

Glossitis: Clinical Etiologies, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Multidisciplinary Management in Dental and Medical Practice
type: item
description: Background: Glossitis, defined as inflammation of the tongue, is a common clinical presentation with a broad differential diagnosis. It manifests through symptoms like pain, burning, and changes in tongue morphology, such as depapillation, erythema, or swelling. The condition often serves as a visible indicator of underlying systemic disorders, making its evaluation a critical component of both dental and medical practice. Aim: This review aims to synthesize the diverse etiologies, systematic diagnostic approach, and multidisciplinary management strategies for glossitis, emphasizing its role as a sentinel sign of local and systemic pathology. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the literature was conducted, integrating data on anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical classification, and evidence-based management. The diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic principles are drawn from both dental and medical perspectives. Results: Glossitis has multifactorial etiologies, including nutritional deficiencies (iron, B vitamins), infections (Candida, viral), medication reactions, autoimmune diseases, and local irritants. Clinical patterns—such as atrophic, median rhomboid, geographic, and strawberry tongue—guide the diagnostic workup. Evaluation hinges on a detailed history and physical exam, supplemented by targeted laboratory tests (e.g., CBC, vitamin levels) and biopsy for persistent or suspicious lesions to rule out malignancy. Management is etiology-specific: correcting deficiencies, treating infections, removing offending medications, and providing symptomatic relief with topical therapies. Conclusion: Glossitis requires a systematic, interdisciplinary diagnostic approach to identify its often-systemic cause. Successful management depends on accurate etiology determination and tailored treatment, ranging from simple nutritional supplementation to addressing complex autoimmune conditions.
creator: Turki Abdullah Altowairqi
creator: Abdulsalam Masad Alanazi
creator: Hani Awad Alasmari
creator: Qassim Arar Ahmed Alhaqawi
creator: Ahmed Suliman Alfaifi
creator: Bandar Jahaz Alahmadi
creator: Aisha Hamad Mahmoodi
creator: Mansour Mayudh S Alharthi
creator: Mutab Mohmmed Alqahtani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Turki Abdullah Altowairqi, Abdulsalam Masad Alanazi, Hani Awad Alasmari, Qassim Arar Ahmed Alhaqawi, Ahmed Suliman Alfaifi, Bandar Jahaz Alahmadi, Aisha Hamad Mahmoodi, Mansour Mayudh S Alharthi, Mutab Mohmmed Alqahtani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1734
ending page: 1745
doi: 10.64483/202522318

Interprofessional Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Nosocomial Infections: Integrating Pharmacological, Administrative, and Nursing Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a major global public health challenge, contributing significantly to patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. These infections, acquired during the course of medical care, are frequently caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and are linked to invasive procedures and devices. Aim: This article aims to synthesize a comprehensive, interprofessional approach to the prevention and management of HAIs, integrating the distinct yet complementary roles of pharmacological, administrative, and nursing perspectives to improve patient safety and outcomes. Methods: The review consolidates evidence on the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of major HAIs—including central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), surgical site infections (SSI), and pneumonia (HAP/VAP). It evaluates management strategies centered on rapid diagnosis, source control, and targeted antimicrobial therapy, underpinned by robust infection prevention and control (IPC) protocols. Results: Effective management hinges on a triad of rapid source control, timely and pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy, and unwavering adherence to prevention bundles. Key outcomes include reduced infection rates, shorter hospital stays, lower mortality, and decreased antimicrobial resistance. The success of these measures is fundamentally dependent on seamless interprofessional collaboration. Conclusion: A unified, interprofessional model is paramount for combating HAIs. This model integrates antimicrobial stewardship from pharmacists, rigorous implementation of IPC protocols by nursing staff, and supportive policy and resource allocation from administrators to create a safer healthcare environment.
creator: Khadijah Ahmad Abdallh Bin Zarah
creator: Amnah Hamood Althalabi
creator: Mohammed Muqbil Alqahtani
creator: Saad Musaad Z Alotaibi
creator: Saad Abdulaziz Alrabiah
creator: Khalid Ayidh Muqbil Alotaibi
creator: Abdullah Faraj Hijab Al-Otaibi
creator: Mohammed Ali Mousa Dreab
creator: Zahra Ali Mohsin Alnakhli
creator: Nadiyah Dallaj M Almutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khadijah Ahmad Abdallh Bin Zarah, Amnah Hamood Althalabi, Mohammed Muqbil Alqahtani, Saad Musaad Z Alotaibi, Saad Abdulaziz Alrabiah , Khalid Ayidh Muqbil Alotaibi, Mohammed Muqbil Alqahtani, Abdullah Faraj Hijab Al-Otaibi, Mohammed Ali Mousa Dreab, Zahra Ali Mohsin Alnakhli, Nadiyah Dallaj M Almutairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-12
publication date: 2025-11-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1002
ending page: 1021
doi: 10.64483/202522231

Clinical Pharmaceutical Safety and Healthcare Systems Management- An Updated Review Article For Pharmacists, Health Securities, and Medical Maintenance Specialists
type: item
description: Background: Healthcare is a safety-critical industry where preventable harm remains a major public health concern. Learning from high-risk sectors like aviation and nuclear power, safety management systems (SMS) offer a proactive, systematic framework for managing safety through organizational structures, risk management, and continuous improvement. Aim: This review was commissioned to inform the development of the NHS England's patient safety policy. It aims to synthesis evidence on SMS in healthcare to address three key questions: the attributes of a successful NHS SMS, the links between an SMS and quality management, and the next steps for safety management in the NHS. Methods: The study conducted a comparative review of national patient safety approaches, analyzing systems in the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, with a focus on the integration of SMS principles. Results: The Netherlands was the only country with a mandatory, certified SMS for hospitals, which was associated with a reduction in preventable adverse events. Other countries embedded core SMS components—such as leadership, risk management, and safety assurance—within national standards and accreditation frameworks but did not mandate a formal SMS. Evidence from the Dutch programme showed improvements, though outcomes were influenced by contextual factors like implementation support and concurrent initiatives. Conclusion: Core SMS principles are transferable to healthcare and can contribute to improved safety outcomes. However, successful implementation requires significant contextual adaptation, strong leadership, and robust supporting infrastructure, rather than simply adopting a generic model.
creator: Salem Qyyadh Alhazmi
creator: Nasser Ahmad Mobarki
creator: Sukianh Abdultef Alalaq
creator: Haila Mohammed Fahad Alhaerthi
creator: Noura Obaid Khazam Al-Otaibi
creator: Mohammed Jaber Abdullah Ali
creator: Nouf Abdulqader Hassan
creator: Jawaher Homoud Alanazi
creator: Ahmed Hameed Alamri
creator: Majed Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi
creator: Abdulaziz Saud Alhazmi
creator: Mohammed Radhi M
creator: Norah Abdu Ahmed Zailay
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salem Qyyadh Alhazmi, Nasser Ahmad Mobarki, Sukianh Abdultef Alalaq, Haila Mohammed Fahad Alhaerthi, Noura Obaid Khazam Al-Otaibi, Mohammed Jaber Abdullah Ali, Nouf Abdulqader Hassan, Jawaher Homoud Alanazi, Ahmed Hameed Alamri, Majed Mousa Mohammed Sulayyi, Abdulaziz Saud Alhazmi, Mohammed Radhi M, Norah Abdu Ahmed Zailay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1196
ending page: 1208
doi: 10.64483/202522265

Nutritional and Psychosocial Considerations in Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship: An Integrative Narrative Review
type: item
description: Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) survivorship presents complex challenges that extend beyond tumor eradication, profoundly impacting nutritional status, psychological wellbeing, and social functioning. The multimodal treatments often cause lasting sequelae including dysphagia, xerostomia, and tissue damage, requiring coordinated interdisciplinary management. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the integrated management of HNC survivors, focusing on the intersection of oncology nursing, dental care, clinical nutrition, psychosocial support, and laboratory monitoring. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases (2013-2025) using keywords related to HNC survivorship, nutrition, psychosocial care, and interdisciplinary management. The review included clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines. Results: Evidence demonstrates that integrated care models significantly improve outcomes across domains. Proactive dental interventions reduce osteoradionecrosis risk by 60%, while specialized dysphagia management decreases aspiration pneumonia incidence. Psychosocial interventions address the 30-40% depression prevalence among survivors, and systematic nutritional support prevents severe weight loss. Regular laboratory monitoring enables early detection of endocrine dysfunction and nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion: HNC survivorship requires an integrated, proactive approach addressing the interconnected physical, nutritional, and psychosocial sequelae. Future care models should prioritize standardized interdisciplinary protocols that bridge specialty divides to optimize quality of life for this vulnerable population.
creator: Fatimah Hadi Ahmed Asiri
creator: Maha Rashed Alqahtani
creator: Bayan Nawaf Alshammari
creator: Ali Ahmed Khadhi
creator: Khalid Fahad Alharbi
creator: Zamzam Nawaf Alshammari
creator: Basmah Adel S Alsoudmi
creator: Nawaf Monahi D Alotaibi
creator: Maher Sajdi Mashal Alotaibi
creator: Obaid Salman Tamim Aldossary
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Hadi Ahmed Asiri, Maha Rashed Alqahtani, Bayan Nawaf Alshammari, Ali Ahmed Khadhi, Khalid Fahad Alharbi, Zamzam Nawaf Alshammari, Basmah Adel S Alsoudmi, Nawaf Monahi D Alotaibi, Maher Sajdi Mashal Alotaibi, Obaid Salman Tamim Aldossary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1372
ending page: 1380
doi: 10.64483/202522290

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Applications, and Nutritional Implications
type: item
description: Background: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for human physiology, primarily through its active coenzyme form, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP). PLP is a crucial cofactor for over 100 enzymes involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and homocysteine regulation. Deficiency can arise from poor diet, malabsorption, chronic alcoholism, renal disease, and interactions with medications like isoniazid and certain antiepileptics. Aim: This review aims to consolidate the pharmacological properties, clinical applications, and nutritional implications of vitamin B6, detailing its mechanisms, indications, administration, safety, and the importance of interprofessional management. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted, synthesizing information on vitamin B6's biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and toxicity from available literature. Results: Vitamin B6 has well-defined roles in treating nutritional deficiencies and specific dependency syndromes (e.g., pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy), and as an antidote in isoniazid overdose. It is FDA-approved in a combination product for nausea in pregnancy. However, evidence for its efficacy in other conditions like premenstrual syndrome or carpal tunnel syndrome is inconsistent. While safe at recommended doses, chronic high-dose intake (>1g/day) can cause a dose-dependent, often reversible sensory neuropathy. Conclusion: Vitamin B6 is fundamental to numerous metabolic processes. Its clinical use ranges from unequivocal indications for deficiency and specific genetic disorders to more empirical applications. Careful dose management and interprofessional collaboration are essential to maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize the risk of neurotoxicity from excessive intake.
creator: Faris Hulayyil Mohammed Alotaibi
creator: Tariq Mohammed Hadi Marwani
creator: Abdullah Mohammed Hadi Marwani
creator: Khudhayr Abdulrhman Alanazi
creator: Atheer Yahya Alharthi
creator: Layla Yousef Ahmad Albatyan
creator: Khalil Naji Almutairi
creator: Abdulaziz Ibraheem Alrasheed
creator: Abdulaziz Mohammed Yahya Moafa
creator: Sultanah Mohammed Jaber Aljaber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Faris Hulayyil Mohammed Alotaibi, Tariq Mohammed Hadi Marwani, Abdullah Mohammed Hadi Marwani, Khudhayr Abdulrhman Alanazi, Atheer Yahya Alharthi, Layla Yousef Ahmad Albatyan, Khalil Naji Almutairi, Abdulaziz Ibraheem Alrasheed, Abdulaziz Mohammed Yahya Moafa, Sultanah Mohammed Jaber Aljaber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1604
ending page: 1615
doi: 10.64483/202522309

Integrated Surgical, Nursing, and Rehabilitation Approaches in Ankle Arthroplasty
type: item
description: Background: Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is a motion-preserving surgical procedure for end-stage ankle arthritis, historically managed with ankle arthrodesis (fusion). While arthrodesis provides reliable pain relief, it sacrifices joint motion, leading to altered gait mechanics and secondary arthritis in adjacent joints. TAA has evolved through several generations of implant designs to better replicate native ankle biomechanics and improve long-term outcomes. Aim: The procedure aims to alleviate pain and restore functional ankle motion, thereby enabling patients to resume higher levels of daily activity. It seeks to provide a more physiological alternative to fusion, distributing forces more evenly across the lower extremity to prevent degenerative changes in neighbouring joints. Methods: TAA involves the resection of degenerated tibial and talar joint surfaces and their replacement with prosthetic components. The standard surgical approach is anterior, utilizing specialized cutting guides for precise bone preparation. Modern, third-generation implants often feature mobile-bearing designs and are supported by advanced preoperative planning, including CT scans and patient-specific instrumentation. Results: Successful TAA results in significant pain reduction, improved range of motion, and a more normalized gait. However, the procedure carries risks, including wound healing complications, prosthetic joint infection, intraoperative fracture (particularly of the medial malleolus), and long-term issues like component loosening and osteolysis. Conclusion: When performed on carefully selected patients by a coordinated, interprofessional team, TAA is a clinically significant intervention that effectively restores function and enhances quality of life, positioning it as a pivotal motion-preserving option in the management of end-stage ankle arthritis.
creator: Rashed Sultan Ali Alonazi
creator: Hassan Abdallah ALkhawlani
creator: Faiz Ali Ahmed Kaabi
creator: Zahara Salman Hamid Almaqadi
creator: Muteb Abdullah Al-Otaibi
creator: Moatsem Eid Saleh ALsenani
creator: Waleed Mohammed Hussien Tomehi
creator: Zahra Ahmed Aysh Alsmaeil
creator: Dalal Mohammed Rashed Aldossary
creator: Ibrahim Abbas Ahmed ALawad
creator: Nouf Ibrahim Ahmad Alknani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rashed Sultan Ali Alonazi, Hassan Abdallah ALkhawlani, Faiz Ali Ahmed Kaabi, Zahara Salman Hamid Almaqadi, Muteb Abdullah Al-Otaibi, Moatsem Eid Saleh ALsenani, Waleed Mohammed Hussien Tomehi, Zahra Ahmed Aysh Alsmaeil, Dalal Mohammed Rashed Aldossary , Ibrahim Abbas Ahmed ALawad, Nouf Ibrahim Ahmad Alknani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1087
ending page: 1097
doi: 10.64483/202522244

Quality and Cost-Effectiveness in Pharmaceutical Procurement: Strategies and a Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Pharmaceutical procurement is a critical function of the healthcare system in ensuring public health, medicine security, and fiscal sustainability. Inefficient procurement bears the triple risk of essential medicine stockouts, infiltration of substandard drugs, and a tremendous waste of funds, making it a persistent challenge to balance quality-assured access with cost-effectiveness. Aim: This review synthesizes and assesses the evidence from 2015 to 2024 about strategies and frameworks tested to improve the quality assurance and cost-effectiveness of public sector pharmaceutical procurement. Methods: The following databases - PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE - were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies, with relevant keywords, between the period of 2015 and 2024. Included empirical studies, reviews, and case studies from various income settings were thematically analyzed via narrative synthesis. Results: The evidence highlights a toolkit of interlinked strategies. On cost-effectiveness, pooled procurement mechanisms, such as national/regional tenders, attained substantial price reductions (15-40%), whereas stringent generic medicine policies formed the foundation for cost containment. For quality, a tight suppliers' pre-qualification, reliance on WHO/ Stringent Regulatory Authorities, and post-market surveillance were indispensable features. Certain integrated strategies, such as Quality-assured Framework Agreements, came out successful in accommodating both objectives. Main barriers to implementation included political interference, insufficient workforce capacity, and fragmented information systems. Conclusions: A holistic, multi-pronged approach is needed, recognizing procurement as strategic in scope, not just an administrative function. Recommendations range from institutionalizing open, data-driven decision-making to investing in workforce capacity, designing quality-weighted tenders, and integrating digital tools. Future stu…
creator: Mohammed Ali Alahmar
creator: Fatimah Ali Ahmad Shabi
creator: Noura Hassan Mohammed Safi
creator: Amal Saleh Adam Faraj
creator: HAssan Shabi alagedi
creator: Masaad Awadh Almutairi
creator: Huda Omar Salhia
creator: Ebtisam Ali Aljaizani
creator: Sulaiman Qaem Alanazi
creator: Sultan Saad alshehri
creator: Ahmad Abdullah Alkaabi
creator: Houson Ali Aloudah
creator: Muneerah Suliman Al-Doukhi
creator: Ghazyah Nasser ALquraini
creator: Abdulaziz Sayer Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ali Alahmar, Fatimah Ali Ahmad Shabi, Noura Hassan Mohammed Safi, Amal Saleh Adam Faraj, HAssan Shabi alagedi, Masaad Awadh Almutairi, Huda Omar Salhia, Ebtisam Ali Aljaizani, Sulaiman Qaem Alanazi, Sultan Saad alshehri, Ahmad Abdullah Alkaabi, Houson Ali Aloudah, Muneerah Suliman Al-Doukhi, Ghazyah Nasser ALquraini, Abdulaziz Sayer Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1279
ending page: 1286
doi: 10.64483/202522277

Central Venous Catheter Insertion: Advanced Clinical Techniques, Complication Prevention, and Evidence-Based Critical Care Practice
type: item
description: Background: Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) are indispensable devices in critical care, enabling advanced hemodynamic monitoring, administration of critical therapies, and provision of renal replacement. Their insertion, however, carries significant risks of mechanical, infectious, and thrombotic complications. Aim: This article provides a comprehensive review of modern CVC insertion, focusing on advanced techniques, complication prevention, and evidence-based best practices to optimize patient safety and procedural success in critical care settings. Methods: A detailed narrative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines was conducted. The review examines anatomical considerations for common access sites (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral), evaluates the evidence for ultrasound-guided insertion, and analyzes strategies for preventing immediate and delayed complications. Results: Real-time ultrasound guidance is established as the standard of care, significantly improving first-attempt success and reducing mechanical complications like arterial puncture and pneumothorax. Site selection involves balancing risks: the internal jugular vein offers ease of ultrasound visualization; the subclavian vein has a lower infection risk but a higher pneumothorax risk; the femoral vein is useful in emergencies but carries higher thrombosis and infection risks. Strict adherence to maximal sterile barrier precautions and daily catheter care bundles are paramount for preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Conclusion: Safe and effective CVC management requires a structured, multidisciplinary approach. Mastery of ultrasound-guided technique, meticulous aseptic practice, and vigilant post-procedural care by an interprofessional team are essential to minimize complications and maximize the therapeutic benefits of central venous access.
creator: Adel Nasser Mohammed Al Nasser
creator: Nadia Saud Alatawi
creator: Ayad Saper R. Alrawili
creator: Helah Freah Alenazi
creator: Fatimah Freih Alenezi
creator: Najwan Fraih Alanazi
creator: Alanood Faiiad Alriwaily
creator: Abdullah Saeed Abdullah Moraya
creator: Mohrah Hamoud Dughaylib Alrashdi
creator: Refah Daifullah Alotaibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adel Nasser Mohammed Al Nasser, Nadia Saud Alatawi, Ayad Saper R. Alrawili, Helah Freah Alenazi, Fatimah Freih Alenezi, Najwan Fraih Alanazi, Alanood Faiiad Alriwaily, Abdullah Saeed Abdullah Moraya, Mohrah Hamoud Dughaylib Alrashdi, Refah Daifullah Alotaibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1464
ending page: 1479
doi: 10.64483/202522297

Retroperitoneal Hematoma: Diagnostic Strategies, Laboratory Evaluation, and Imaging-Guided Management in Acute Clinical Care
type: item
description: Background: Retroperitoneal hematoma, the accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space, is a clinically challenging condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is difficult due to its concealed anatomical location and nonspecific, often delayed symptoms, which can range from vague pain to hemorrhagic shock. Aim: This review aims to outline the diagnostic strategies, laboratory evaluation, and imaging-guided management approaches for retroperitoneal hematoma in acute clinical care, emphasizing the importance of a systematic and multidisciplinary response. Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of the literature was performed, integrating data on etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions. Key management principles from trauma and interventional radiology guidelines were analyzed. Results: The etiology is categorized as traumatic (blunt or penetrating) or nontraumatic (iatrogenic or spontaneous). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is the diagnostic cornerstone, with near-100% sensitivity for detecting hematoma and identifying active contrast extravasation. Management is dictated by hemodynamic stability and etiology. Hemodynamically stable patients are often managed conservatively with resuscitation, transfusion, and coagulopathy reversal. Unstable patients or those with active bleeding typically require intervention: endovascular angioembolization is first-line for many cases (especially pelvic fractures), while surgical exploration remains crucial for major vascular injuries or penetrating trauma. Conclusion: Successful management hinges on early suspicion, rapid CT imaging, and a tailored, multidisciplinary approach. Interventional radiology techniques have become pivotal for hemorrhage control, improving outcomes in both traumatic and spontaneous cases.
creator: Naif Fahad Alanazi
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Ali Munthiri
creator: Abdulrahman Sood Aliraqi
creator: Raed Abdullah Alnajjar
creator: Abdulrahman Awad Alkusaybiri
creator: Emad Ali Ayoub Hakami
creator: Bandar Faleh Nughaymish Alharbi
creator: Mutab Mohmmed Alqahtani
creator: Apdullah Saad Aloweis
creator: Rawdha Mohmmed Saleh Fallatah
creator: Abdulmajeed Ahmed Bin Mohammed Asiri
creator: Mehad Abdulkreem Abdulhameed Alkhifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naif Fahad Alanazi, Abdulrahman Mohammed Ali Munthiri, Abdulrahman Sood Aliraqi, Raed Abdullah Alnajjar, Abdulrahman Awad Alkusaybiri, Emad Ali Ayoub Hakami, Bandar Faleh Nughaymish Alharbi, Mutab Mohmmed Alqahtani, Apdullah Saad Aloweis, Rawdha Mohmmed Saleh Fallatah, Abdulmajeed Ahmed Bin Mohammed Asiri, Mehad Abdulkreem Abdulhameed Alkhifi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1711
ending page: 1723
doi: 10.64483/202522316

High Mortality and Pathogen Burden of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective ICU Study
type: item
description: Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a critical challenge in intensive care units (ICUs), particularly in settings with limited infection control infrastructure. While global data exist, there is a striking lack of contemporary evidence from northern regions of Saudi Arabia, where healthcare delivery and microbial resistance patterns may differ significantly from metropolitan centers. Objective: To assess the incidence, microbiological profile, and outcome predictors of VAP in a resource-limited ICU in Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia—an underreported region in current literature. Methods: This retrospective observational study included adult ICU patients diagnosed with VAP between January 2021 and December 2023 at Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of ICU mortality. Results: Of 270 ICU patients, 70 (26%) developed VAP. The most common pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (37.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.4%). ICU mortality was 74.3%, with age ≥65 years (OR 3.47) and female sex (OR 8.00) independently associated with death. MDR organisms were identified even in early-onset VAP, challenging traditional classifications. Conclusion: This study highlights the high burden of VAP and associated mortality in a northern Saudi ICU, where antimicrobial resistance patterns and resource constraints amplify the clinical risk. The findings call for region-specific infection control strategies and stewardship programs tailored to non-tertiary healthcare settings.
creator: Sirajo Tambuwal
creator: Atheer Almadhi
creator: Hana Felemban
creator: Sereihan Alshammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sirajo Tambuwal, Atheer Almadhi, Hana Felemban, Sereihan Alshammari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1180
ending page: 1187
doi: 10.64483/20252292

knee osteoarthritis: An Updated Review for Physical Therapists, Nursing, and Pharmacists
type: item
description: Background: Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent, degenerative joint disease and a leading cause of pain and disability globally. Its management is a significant challenge for healthcare systems, necessitating effective, conservative strategies to alleviate symptoms and improve function. Aim: This review aims to provide an updated, comprehensive analysis of the efficacy, mechanisms, and comparative value of various physical therapy modalities for KOA, tailored for physical therapists, nurses, and pharmacists involved in patient care. Methods: The article employs a systematic literature review methodology, evaluating a range of physical therapy interventions. These include traditional techniques like acupuncture and moxibustion, and modern modalities such as therapeutic ultrasound, shortwave diathermy, Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy, low-intensity laser therapy, and electrotherapy across low-, mid-, and high-frequency ranges. Results: The analysis confirms that all reviewed modalities can effectively reduce pain and improve function in KOA patients. Each therapy operates through distinct mechanisms—neuromodulation, thermal effects, photobiomodulation, or electromagnetic stimulation. The review highlights that combining modalities with complementary mechanisms often yields superior, synergistic outcomes compared to monotherapy. Conclusion: There is no single superior physical therapy for all KOA patients. A pragmatic, multimodal approach is recommended, integrating foundational exercise and education with accessible, low-cost options (e.g., moxibustion, electrotherapy) and escalating to technology-intensive modalities (e.g., PEMF, laser) based on individual patient needs, clinical phenotype, and resource availability.
creator: Hussa Fraih Moodhi Alharbi
creator: Rabab Mohammed Ali Alsaleh
creator: Yasir Mohammed Mousa Alajam
creator: ‏Salman Hassan Mohammed Alhathiq
creator: Rashed Sultan Ali Alonazi
creator: Faisal Abdullah Al Faisal
creator: Nasser Abdullah D Alkhurayyif
creator: Abdulaziz Ibrahim M Alfaisal
creator: Fahd Mohammed Alharbi
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Hakami
creator: Faisal Awad Alshan
creator: Beshaeir Bandar Bin Jamaan
creator: Malak Hadi Ibrahim Jaafari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussa Fraih Moodhi Alharbi, Rabab Mohammed Ali Alsaleh, Yasir Mohammed Mousa Alajam, ‏Salman Hassan Mohammed Alhathiq, Rashed Sultan Ali Alonazi, Faisal Abdullah Al Faisal , Nasser Abdullah D Alkhurayyif, Abdulaziz Ibrahim M Alfaisal , Fahd Mohammed Alharbi, Abdulrahman Mohammed Hakami, Faisal Awad Alshan, Beshaeir Bandar Bin Jamaan, Malak Hadi Ibrahim Jaafari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 978
ending page: 994
doi: 10.64483/202522229

The Impact of Health Education Programs on Chronic Disease Prevention Among Adults
type: item
description: Chronic diseases are a major public health concern in the world as they are the cause of most morbidity and mortality in adults all over the globe. Health education activities have become a high-priority measure to prevent chronic diseases, with the goal of enhancing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and healthier behaviors. The study investigates the effectiveness of health education program in preventing chronic diseases in adults, theoretical basis, models, as well as practical Interventions. Significant areas Involve principles of adult learning, community-based methods, digital health technologies, and lifestyle change methods. The obstacles to participation, socioeconomic determinants, gender discrepancy, and the involvement of healthcare providers in improving program effectiveness are also addressed in the research study.
creator: Mansour Nasser Alotaibi
creator: Faisal Turki Alroqi
creator: Fawzia Haji Albahrani
creator: Nouf Yahya Ahmad Habtare
creator: Mosa Ahmed Mosa Hisheam
creator: Abdullah Mohammed Salem Musawi
creator: Khalid Ali Abutalib Sharahili
creator: Habeeb Ahmed Ali Almutlaq
creator: Mousa Yahya Mobaraki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mansour Nasser Alotaibi, Faisal Turki Alroqi, Fawzia Haji Albahrani, Nouf Yahya Ahmad Habtare, Mosa Ahmed Mosa Hisheam, Abdullah Mohammed Salem Musawi, Khalid Ali Abutalib Sharahili, Habeeb Ahmed Ali Almutlaq, Mousa Yahya Mobaraki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1164
ending page: 1179
doi: 10.64483/202522260

The Role of Nutritional Ketosis in Managing Neurological Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Long COVID is characterized by persistent neurological symptoms, which include cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and memory problems. It is considered to be caused by chronic neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current therapies are very unsatisfactory; therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic options. Among potential non-pharmacological strategies, nutritional ketosis induced by a ketogenic diet represents an appealing approach thanks to its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: This systematic review will provide a critical appraisal of the evidence and theoretical rationale on the use of nutritional ketosis in the management of neurological symptoms among Long COVID patients. Methods: A systematic search was performed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library for studies published between 2013 and 2025. Keywords included "Long COVID", "ketogenic diet", "nutritional ketosis", "brain fog", and "neuroinflammation". Included studies were clinical trials, observational studies, or relevant preclinical research. Results: Synthesis of the emerging evidence indicates that nutritional ketosis targets key mechanisms in Long COVID. Ketone bodies represent an efficient alternative cerebral fuel and may thereby bypass glycolytic impairment and improve mitochondrial bioenergetics. In addition, beta-hydroxybutyrate has potent anti-inflammatory and epigenetic effects. Conclusion: Nutritional ketosis has emerged as a very compelling, mechanism-driven dietary intervention to alleviate the neurological burden of Long COVID. Initial results are promising, but it is expected that large-scale, robust randomized controlled trials are required to confirm efficacy, establish protocols, and identify responsive patient subgroups. To date, the ketogenic diet represents one of the few potential patient-empowerment tools within a comprehensive management strategy.
creator: Khalid Abdulaziz Almehamad
creator: Khaled Saleh Alkhaleefah
creator: Yazeed Abdularahman Juwaid
creator: Mohammed Ahmed Alzahrani
creator: ‏Abdulaziz Saad Alhazzaa
creator: Mohammed Moteq Alharbi
creator: Abdulaziz Mohammad Alarfaj
creator: Saleh Ibrahim Mohammed Alhabib
creator: Abdulrahman Nasser Aleid
creator: Emad Abdullah Alreshoodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Abdulaziz Almehamad, Khaled Saleh Alkhaleefah, Yazeed Abdularahman Juwaid , Mohammed Ahmed Alzahrani, ‏Abdulaziz Saad Alhazzaa, Mohammed Moteq Alharbi, Abdulaziz Mohammad Alarfaj, Saleh Ibrahim Mohammed Alhabib, Abdulrahman Nasser Aleid, Emad Abdullah Alreshoodi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1357
ending page: 1363
doi: 10.64483/202522287

Clinical Application and Nursing Management of Suction Drains in Postoperative Patient Care
type: item
description: Background: Suction drains are a fundamental component of postoperative care across surgical specialties, designed to evacuate fluid collections (e.g., blood, serous fluid, pus) and reduce complications like seroma, hematoma, and infection. They also serve a diagnostic role, providing early warning of hemorrhage or anastomotic leak. Aim: This review aims to detail the clinical applications, technical considerations, and comprehensive nursing management of suction drains in postoperative patients, emphasizing an evidence-based and interprofessional approach. Methods: A synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines is presented, covering the indications, contraindications, and equipment (closed vs. open systems). The technique for drain placement, maintenance (including stripping, emptying, and site care), and monitoring protocols are described. Complications and strategies to enhance team-based outcomes are discussed. Results: Suction drains are indicated for managing dead space, monitoring anastomoses, and controlling output after extensive dissections or in septic cavities. Closed systems (e.g., Jackson-Pratt) are preferred for sterility and output measurement. Effective management requires meticulous technique for placement, regular monitoring of output character/volume, and diligent site care to prevent infection. Complications include occlusion, infection, displacement, and tissue erosion. Evidence suggests prophylactic drain use is not universally beneficial and should be selective. Conclusion: While suction drains are valuable surgical adjuncts, their use must be judicious. Optimal outcomes depend on proper selection, correct technique, vigilant interprofessional monitoring, and timely removal to maximize benefits and minimize risks.
creator: Sughra Salman Alherz
creator: Diena Mahboob Alsamti
creator: Majed Ibrahim Mobarki
creator: Rehab Hassan Ahmed Ismail
creator: Ali Ismail Gaisi
creator: Hind Saad Altamimi
creator: Nada Hussein Taher Qaisi
creator: Latifa Mohsen Al-Harbi
creator: Edrees Mohammed Mohammed Awaji
creator: Reem Omar Mohammed Al-Anzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sughra Salman Alherz, Diena Mahboob Alsamti, Majed Ibrahim Mobarki, Rehab Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Ali Ismail Gaisi, Hind Saad Altamimi, Nada Hussein Taher Qaisi, Latifa Mohsen Al-Harbi, Edrees Mohammed Mohammed Awaji, Reem Omar Mohammed Al-Anzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 1579
ending page: 1591
doi: 10.64483/202522307

Comprehensive Review of the Success of the Hospital-at-Home Program in Today's Healthcare Delivery
type: item
description: Background: Social prescribing (SP) is a new approach of primary care with the aim of addressing patients' social, emotional, and practical needs (e.g., loneliness and mental health), which traditional medicine is ill-equipped to resolve. Given that 20% of general practice consultations are related to social needs, SP is timely. Aim: To review the implementation of social prescribing (SP) in general practice, including models of delivery, health and wellbeing outcomes, facilitators, barriers, and scalability. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and grey literature from 2000 to October 2024. Sixty-eight studies were synthesized narratively using the GRADE approach and thematic analysis, with systematic reviews, primary research, and policy reports included. Results: SP models differ across the globe: the UK is the only country in which the link worker model is formalized, while Canada and Australia have less established approaches. Improved mental health, social connectivity, and reduced food insecurity are associated with SP; evidence for physical health and healthcare use is mixed. Important facilitators include funding and training, while barriers include competing demands on resources and gaps in the evidence base. Conclusions: SP adds strength to general practice by addressing social determinants of health. Standardised evaluation and developing strategies for scalability and equitable access to programs will be important in maximising the impact of SP efforts.
creator: Naseabah Ali Mohammed Abu Haddash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naseabah Ali Mohammed Abu Haddash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 45
ending page: 52
doi: 10.64483/2025221

Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Based Dietary Interventions in Chronic Disease Remission: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Practical Implementation
type: item
description: Background: Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, obesity, and certain cancers represent a large burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and many are affected by lifestyle including diet. Unrestricted plant-based diet (PBD), high in whole plant foods and low or no animal foods, has emerging data related to their association with prevention and reversal of chronic disease, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and metabolic impact. Aim: To systematically review the evidence for PBD association with remission or substantial improvement in chronic disease, including documenting clinical outcomes, quality of life (QoL), cost-effectiveness, and implementation considerations associated with any PBD. Methods: A literature search was completed from 2000 to 2024 using keywords for plant-based diets, vegetarianism, chronic disease, and other disease-specific keywords. Eligible peer-reviewed studies included adult populations, reported clinical outcomes, QoL, and implementation considerations, with no restrictions on dietary or intervention duration. Study quality was independently assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Vegan diets produced beneficial clinical outcomes across a range of conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, obesity, and cancer progression. They improved HbA1c and LDL cholesterol and led to weight loss while preventing or reducing cancer progression. The only challenges, for example, non-adherence and insufficient nutrients, were found. The estimated annual cost savings for the recovery of T2DM and CVD management is $50-100 billion. Conclusion: The evidence shows that PBDs can be effective at managing and possibly inducing remission in chronic diseases, and provide benefits in clinical outcomes, quality of life, and healthcare costs. The barriers to adherence, nutritional deficiencies, and sca…
creator: Naseabah Ali Mohammed Abu Haddash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 53
ending page: 61
doi: 10.64483/2025222

Dark Blood MRI Sequences in Myocardial Tissue Characterization: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: Myocardial tissue characterization is crucial in diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction (MI), myocarditis, and cardiomyopathies. Dark-blood MRI sequences nulling the signal of the blood pool enhance visualization of myocardial tissue for the detection of subtle pathology. Such sequences, such as double-inversion recovery (DIR) and flow-independent dark-blood delayed enhancement (FIDDLE), generate superior contrast for the detection of subendocardial scars, edema, and fibrosis than bright-blood techniques. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on dark blood MRI sequences for myocardial tissue characterization, considering their technical principles, diagnostic accuracy, clinical utilization, and limitations, and present future research directions. Methods: A Systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase for research from January 2010 to March 2024 on dark blood MRI sequences for myocardial tissue characterization was conducted. Random controlled trials, observational trials, and preclinical animal or human model trials were included based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. Diagnostic performance, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), specificity, sensitivity, and clinical use were some of the outcomes. Data were synthesised narratively, and a table summarised the study's main findings. Results: Overall, 2,456 articles were screened and 57 were included, consisting of 32 clinical studies, 15 preclinical, and 10 technical validation studies. DIR and FIDDLE dark blood sequences were found to be more sensitive (up to 96%) and specific (up to 95%) for subendocardial MI detection than bright blood late gadolinium enhancement. T2-weighted dark blood sequences were found to improve edema detection in acute MI by a mean of 167% over standard practice. Motion artifacts, inconsistent blood suppression in slow flow conditions, and the nonavailability of sophisticated sequences for clinical practi…
creator: Naif Abdulmunim Musayfir Almutairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 62
ending page: 68
doi: 10.64483/2025223

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Management and Long-Term Care Approaches for Newborns with Birth Asphyxia: Clinical Guidelines for Healthcare Professionals
type: item
description: Background: Birth asphyxia is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, frequently resulting in hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and multi-organ dysfunction. Optimal management requires timely diagnosis, acute intervention, and coordinated multidisciplinary care to minimize adverse outcomes. Aim: To highlight the essential role of multidisciplinary consultations in the clinical management and long-term rehabilitation of newborns affected by birth asphyxia. Methods: This review synthesizes current evidence and clinical guidelines on postnatal consultation strategies for infants with birth asphyxia. The focus is on the integration of neonatology, pediatric subspecialties, and allied health services to ensure comprehensive, individualized care. Literature from peer-reviewed journals and established neonatal protocols was critically analyzed. Results: Effective management necessitates early involvement of a neonatologist for stabilization and ongoing monitoring. Pediatric neurologists provide assessment for neurological injury, particularly HIE. Cardiologists and nephrologists manage cardiac and renal complications, while pulmonologists address respiratory dysfunction. In complex cases with multi-organ involvement, pediatric intensivists or palliative care specialists are essential. Developmental pediatricians, along with physical and occupational therapists, play a crucial role in early rehabilitation and long-term developmental support. Early, coordinated intervention enhances recovery potential and reduces long-term disability. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary consultation framework is critical for optimizing outcomes in birth asphyxia. Early, coordinated, and ongoing involvement of diverse specialties ensures comprehensive management from acute care through long-term follow-up.
creator: Abdulaziz saleh ahmad alghamdi
creator: Fatimah Nassir Ahmad Alshrif
creator: MOHAMMED YAHYA SHARAHILI
creator: Fahad Mousa Wasili
creator: SULTAN MOUSA J WASILI
creator: munirah Abdullah ibrahim Namazi
creator: Eman Ahmed Yahya Modawi
creator: MARWA ALI ALKHAWAJA
creator: ABDULLAH YACOUB ALTURKI
creator: TAHANI HUWAYDI ALDHAFEERI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulaziz saleh ahmad alghamdi, Fatimah Nassir Ahmad Alshrif, MOHAMMED YAHYA SHARAHILI, Fahad Mousa Wasili, SULTAN MOUSA J WASILI, munirah Abdullah ibrahim Namazi, Eman Ahmed Yahya Modawi, MARWA ALI ALKHAWAJA, ABDULLAH YACOUB ALTURKI, TAHANI HUWAYDI ALDHAFEERI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 69
ending page: 84
doi: 10.64483/2025224

Pharmacological Role and Clinical Applications of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors-Review Article for Pharmacists and Healthcare Professionals
type: item
description: Background: 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), including finasteride and dutasteride, are FDA-approved for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenic alopecia. These agents inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), reducing prostate volume in BPH and slowing hair loss in androgenic alopecia. Despite their efficacy, concerns regarding adverse effects, such as sexual dysfunction and post-finasteride syndrome, necessitate careful patient selection and monitoring. Aim: This review evaluates the pharmacological mechanisms, clinical applications, and safety profiles of 5-ARIs, providing evidence-based guidance for pharmacists and healthcare professionals. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guidelines on 5-ARI use in BPH, androgenic alopecia, and off-label indications. Results: 5-ARIs significantly improve urinary symptoms in BPH (reducing prostate volume by ~25%) and stabilize hair loss in 88% of alopecia patients. Dutasteride offers broader DHT suppression but clinical efficacy similar to finasteride. Adverse effects include sexual dysfunction (e.g., erectile dysfunction, reduced libido) and gynecomastia. Off-label uses (e.g., hirsutism, bladder cancer prevention) show promise but require further validation. Conclusion: 5-ARIs are cornerstone therapies for BPH and androgenic alopecia, though their use demands individualized risk-benefit assessment. Multidisciplinary collaboration ensures optimal outcomes.
creator: Saud Alhabeeb
creator: Abdullah Abdulaziz Almetrek
creator: Marwan Ibraheem Al-Amri
creator: Ali Abdulrahman Ali Alajlan
creator: Fahad Abdullah Saleh Alfehaid
creator: ‪Mohanad Khaled Ibrahim Alsaudi
creator: Abdullah Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Alsheeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saud Alhabeeb, Abdullah Abdulaziz Almetrek , Marwan Ibraheem Al-Amri, Ali Abdulrahman Ali Alajlan, Fahad Abdullah Saleh Alfehaid , ‪Mohanad Khaled Ibrahim Alsaudi, Abdullah Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Alsheeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 85
ending page: 94
doi: 10.64483/2025225

Personalized Approaches to Pharmacotherapy and Physiotherapy in Obstetric Treatment: Improving Medication Safety and Physical Wellness for Pregnant Women
type: item
description: Individualized pharmacology and physical therapy are two areas that have the potential to revolutionize obstetric care, providing evidence-based therapies that will have improved maternal and fetal health outcomes. Individualized pharmacology is the formulation of drug regimens that maximize safety and effectiveness during pregnancy, based not only on drug characteristics but also on pharmacogenomics, physiological values, and the unique clinical profiles of individual women. That is to say, pregnant women undergo episodic changes in their physiological functions depending on the stage of pregnancy, and recognizing and maximizing the available pharmacological conditions reduces the risks of teratogenicity and neonatal complications. Physical therapy can have similar benefits targeting generalized musculoskeletal pains, such as pelvic girdle pain and low back pain, while also optimizing mobility to prevent other complications, including gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Furthermore, by bundling these two disciplines together, health care providers can provide comprehensive care that maximizes the safety of drug selection or dosing and physical decompensation. This review will cover clinical applications such as pharmacogenomic-guided dose adjustments of antidepressants and exercises and physical activities, discuss issues such as count-of genetic tests and availability, inter-disciplinary collaboration, and ethical issues such as equity of access to tests and informed consent. The future notes will discuss scalable models, computerized and other personalized medications, and expanded access to telehealth care and delivery of health care. We hope that this review and documentation demonstrate two emerging disciplines that have the potential to revolutionize obstetric care, thereby maximizing the safety and physical well-being of all women and improving maternal and fetal outcomes. drug safety, perinatal care, personalized pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, health…
creator: Fahad Mousa Mohsen Maashi
creator: Azhar Mohammed Jaber Alfaifi
creator: ‪Hatem Mosa Maeshi
creator: Ismail Mohammed Hassan Alfaifi
creator: Afnan Mousa M Maashi
creator: Fatimah Hadi Alfaifi
creator: Majid Mosa Muhsin Maeshi
creator: Khaled Mossa Mohsen Mashi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fahad Mousa Mohsen Maashi, Azhar Mohammed Jaber Alfaifi, ‪Hatem Mosa Maeshi, Ismail Mohammed Hassan Alfaifi, Afnan Mousa M Maashi, Fatimah Hadi Alfaifi, Majid Mosa Muhsin Maeshi, Khaled Mossa Mohsen Mashi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 95
ending page: 104
doi: 10.64483/2025226

Strengthening Postpartum Depression Screening and Treatment within Primary Healthcare Centers in Riyadh 1st Cluster
type: item
description: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mental health issue impacting 10-20% of women worldwide and has far-reaching consequences on both child and maternal health. Despite these far-reaching consequences, PPD incidences are often underdiagnosed and undertreated in primary healthcare, including in the primary healthcare centers (PHCs) of Riyadh 1st Cluster, increasing systemic health burden and limiting timely detection and treatment. This systematic review appraises several peer-reviewed articles published between 2000-2023 and synthesizes research on awareness, screening rates, barriers, and interventions for PPD in primary care, with a focus on adapting findings to the context of Riyadh 1st Cluster PHCs. We report that effective tools for measuring PPD, such as the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), are underutilized due to cultural stigma, limited provider training, and resource constraints within Riyadh’s PHCs. Key barriers identified include cultural stigma towards mental health in Saudi society, lack of standardized PPD protocols, and incomplete mental health resource integration in the Riyadh 1st Cluster. Evidence suggests routine screening during 6-week postpartum visits, culturally competent provider training, and improved case management workflows (e.g., collaboration between triage, waiting room, and shared charts) are effective. Telehealth and automated telephone assessments also show promise for improving PPD detection and treatment in Riyadh’s PHCs. Policy options, such as mandating PPD screening or enhancing provider reimbursement for integrated care, are proposed to address gaps. Reducing these gaps will mitigate short-term consequences like poor mother-infant bonding and yield long-term economic benefits in Riyadh’s healthcare system.
creator: Yahya Omar Hazazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yahya Omar Hazazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-26
publication date: 2025-07-26
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 105
ending page: 113
doi: 10.64483/2025227

Nursing Management and Clinical Outcomes of Aspiration Pneumonia in Intensive Care Units: A Critical Review of Evidence-Based Interventions and Risk Reduction Strategies
type: item
description: Background: Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is a severe pulmonary infection resulting from the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). Distinguishing AP from aspiration pneumonitis is critical, as their management differs substantially. High-risk populations include elderly, neurologically impaired, and mechanically ventilated patients. Aim: This review evaluates evidence-based nursing and medical interventions for AP management, focusing on prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Methods: A critical review of current literature was conducted (50 scanned, and 14 selected), analyzing risk factors, diagnostic approaches, medical treatments, and nursing interventions for AP. Emphasis was placed on multidisciplinary care, including pharmacological management, swallowing assessments, and respiratory support. Results: Key findings highlight the importance of early antibiotic therapy, with amoxicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and respiratory fluoroquinolones as primary treatments. Non-pharmacological strategies, such as swallowing evaluations, dietary modifications, and oral hygiene, significantly reduce AP risk. Nursing interventions, including airway management, positioning, and continuous monitoring, are vital in preventing complications. Conclusion: Effective AP management requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating prompt antibiotic therapy, risk factor modification, and vigilant nursing care. Early recognition and preventive measures can reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes.
creator: Abdullah Fehaid Fadhad Alruqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Fehaid Fadhad Alruqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-06
publication date: 2025-08-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 114
ending page: 123
doi: 10.64483/2025228

Role of Inhaled Therapies in COPD Progression and Exacerbation Prevention: A Critical Review
type: item
description: Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) management lacks universal consensus on triple inhaled therapy, comprising a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), a long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA), and an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). Current guidelines, such as GOLD, primarily reserve triple therapy for very severe cases (Group D), while other international guidelines advocate for broader use, including in patients with frequent exacerbations or asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). This divergence leads to varied real-world prescribing practices, often driven by clinical empiricism rather than strict phenotypic stratification. Emerging evidence suggests therapeutic advantages in specific subgroups, such as those with ACOS, eosinophilic inflammation, or a history of frequent exacerbations, who may benefit from intensified bronchodilator treatment. Aim: This review aims to critically examine the rationale for triple inhaled therapy in COPD by integrating data from various clinical trials, exploring its clinical effectiveness and safety profiles, and considering future trends in COPD management. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing data from clinical trials investigating the simultaneous use of LAMA, LABA, and ICS. The review focused on the pharmacologic rationale, anti-inflammatory effects, and evidence from key clinical trials, including studies on fixed-dose combinations and novel pharmacological approaches. Safety considerations, particularly regarding pneumonia risk and mortality, were also examined. Results: Triple inhaled therapy demonstrates synergistic bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly beneficial in patients with high exacerbation risk, eosinophilic inflammation, or poor symptom control. Clinical trials show improvements in lung function and reductions in exacerbations, though the universal benefit is debated. ICS withdrawal may be feasible in select patients without compromis…
creator: Ziyad Tariq Alluqman
creator: Hussain Abdullah Almutawah
creator: Aqeelah Ebrahem Emwees
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ziyad Tariq Alluqman, Hussain Abdullah Almutawah, Aqeelah Ebrahem Emwees https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 124
ending page: 136
doi: 10.64483/2025229

Technology-Driven Nursing Interventions to Support Telehealth in Cardiac Primary Care
type: item
description: Background: Telehealth incorporation is changing the nursing practice in cardiac primary care; technology-driven nursing interventions are providing innovative ways to improve patient outcomes and patient access to care. Nursing interventions driven by technology, such as remote patient monitoring, virtual consultations, and mHealth applications, are becoming increasingly important in cardiovascular disease management. Aim: This review aims to appraise the effectiveness, challenges, and future considerations for technology-driven nursing interventions in telehealth in the area of cardiac primary care, focusing on patient outcomes, nurse workload, and health equity. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review included studies published between 2015 and 2025 through peer-reviewed journals. Inclusion criteria included studies utilizing a telehealth intervention with nurse involvement in cardiac primary care that had a qualitative/quantitative method. Data were synthesized thematically and quantitatively, based on the variability of outcomes in each study, which were summarized by patient health, nurses’ efficiency, and system-level. Results: The 50 studies showed telehealth interventions were reported to increase patient adherence (85% of studies), decrease hospital admissions (70% of studies), and increase nurse efficiency (60% of studies), but many studies did identify challenges, including digital literacy (40%) and infrastructure (30%). Secondly, reports on equity-related interventions demonstrated some success with providing healthcare to disadvantaged populations. Conclusion: While through technology-enhanced nursing telehealth intervention characteristics show large improvements in processes regarding cardiac care, a large investment in training, infrastructure, and other elements to address technology gaps may be necessary. Future research efforts should focus on implementing scalable and equitable strate…
creator: Basimah Ahmad Abdu Asiri
creator: Razan Mohammed Almutairi
creator: Rama Mohammed Alfadhel
creator: Nuha Nouh AL hawsawi
creator: Sarah Mohammed Faqeehi
creator: Ebtsam Musaed Alshammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Basimah Ahmad Abdu Asiri, Razan Mohammed Almutairi, Rama Mohammed Alfadhel, Nuha Nouh AL hawsawi, Sarah Mohammed Faqeehi, Ebtsam Musaed Alshammari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 137
ending page: 146
doi: 10.64483/20252210

The Significance of Routine Abdominal Ultrasound Before Bariatric Surgery
type: item
description: Background: Bariatric surgery is emerging as an absolute treatment for morbid obesity with long-lasting weight loss and comorbidity improvement due to the pandemic of obesity all over the world. Preoperative abdominal ultrasound is generally taken for identification of pathologic features to assist in surgical decision, although there is controversy over its role and clinical utility due to varying guideline practices and the absence of cost-effectiveness studies. Aim: This review estimates the efficacy of routine preoperative abdominal ultrasound for bariatric surgery on its basis of diagnostic yield, influence on surgical planning, cost-utility, and its ability to decrease perioperative complications as criteria. Methods: A Systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from January 2000 to April 2024 according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies in patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m² with primary bariatric surgery were taken into account. Extracts regarding data of ultrasound results, modification of surgical plan, and cost-effectiveness were matched, and the quality of studies was evaluated by STROBE and Jadad score. Results: Routine pre-operative ultrasound scanning will typically detect anomalies, for example, gallstones and fatty liver, but in no more than 7–15% of instances does this change surgical decision. Incidental diagnoses of malignancy are uncommon but important. Results: Technical challenges in grossly obese individuals and cost make routine use impossible, case selection for imaging is a more cost-effective alternative. Conclusion: Routine ultrasound has limited, focused utility in preoperative bariatric assessment. Focusing on usage, within clinical risk factors, would optimize benefit and resource utilization, pending further assessment on cost-effectiveness.
creator: Ibrahim Mansour Nasr
creator: Hajar Muwafig F Al Ruweili
creator: Hmoud moutlq Mohammed alotaibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Mansour Nasr, Hajar Muwafig F Al Ruweili, Hmoud moutlq Mohammed alotaibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 147
ending page: 158
doi: 10.64483/20252211

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Surgery: The Future of Precision Medicine
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics signal a new domain for precision medicine and have fundamentally reformulated surgery into a new disciplinary lens that provides surgical practice with greater accuracy, efficiency, and outcomes. AI-powered systems, such as machine learning algorithms and computer vision, allow for real-time analysis of medical and surgical data, predictive modeling of patient outcomes, and personalization of treatment plans for each patient. In parallel, AI-powered robotic tools, such as the da Vinci Surgical System, offer surgeons a level of precision, control, and cognitive stimulation that rarely equates to manual techniques. This paper will outline the ongoing advancements, challenges, and potential opportunities that AI and robotics have in surgery. Also explored will be the implications for improved patient care relating to minimally invasive procedures, training for surgery, and patient safety. Significant applications of AI and robotics in surgery include autonomous surgical robots, image-guided robotic interventions, and advanced decision-support systems. Collectively, these clinical applications diminish opportunities for human mistakes and improve patient outcomes. However, the broad application of AI and robotics in surgery will depend on acting on ethical questions, regulatory legislation that is forward-thinking, and technical challenges, such as data and image quality, interoperability issues of robotic devices, and surgeon accountability. The challenges that impede the integration of AI and robotics in surgery can be addressed, but a successful practice application equates to future developments that produce the safest, most affordable, and individualized practice of surgery in the world. With the benefits of surgery supported by AI and robots being postulated, there remains a discipline-wide need for research, collaboration, and ethical accountability. This paper will therefore explore the advances of AI and robotics and c…
creator: SAMI MOHAMMED ALHARBI
creator: Tariq Mohammed al harish
creator: Eman Attyah Zead Alqurashi
creator: Maha Dhuwihi Alsubaie
creator: Njah Mohammad Alanazi
creator: Batool Alhamidi Almutairi
creator: Hadeel Motlaq Almotlaq
creator: HUSSAIN ALI KHABRANI
creator: Sayer Hamdan Salem Alsharari
creator: Tariq Maqbul Awadh Alsharari
creator: Yousef Dhaifallah Dabi Alsharari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SAMI MOHAMMED ALHARBI, Tariq Mohammed al harish, Eman Attyah Zead Alqurashi, Maha Dhuwihi Alsubaie, Njah Mohammad Alanazi , Batool Alhamidi Almutairi, Hadeel Motlaq Almotlaq , HUSSAIN ALI KHABRANI, Sayer Hamdan Salem Alsharari, Tariq Maqbul Awadh Alsharari, Yousef Dhaifallah Dabi Alsharari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 159
ending page: 170
doi: 10.64483/20252212

Sustainable Healthcare Practices: Advancing Eco-Friendly Laboratory Management, Integrating Green Initiatives in Nursing Education, and Promoting Value-Based Approaches in General Medicine
type: item
description: Background: The healthcare sector is a significant contributor to environmental damage, with 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions from healthcare and large quantities of waste such as single-use plastics and biohazardous waste. As the effects of climate change accelerate, health care systems need to implement sustainable health practices that use the least harmful and minimally damaging methods and still provide care for health and well-being. Aim: This review analyzed eco-friendly lab management, green initiatives in nursing education, and value-based general medicine to develop pathways to sustainable health practices in health care. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was completed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL Ultimate. Inclusion criteria limited review to studies published within the past decade, from 2015-2025, and all peer-reviewed studies. Search terms included “sustainable health care”, “Eco-friendly lab management”, “nursing education green initiatives”, and “value-based medicine”. Results: Eco-friendly lab management modeled sustainability by reducing energy use by 20-30% and reducing waste by 20-40% using energy-efficient technologies and sustainable procurement. Nursing education modeled sustainability practices, introducing innovation to increase sustainability consciousness up to 35%, and trained nurses were 40% more likely to incorporate the newly introduced green practices into their nursing interventions. Models of value-based care, including telehealth and green-prescribing, improved sustainability and reduced emissions by 7-12%. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary collaboration, policy support, and education/processes are required to promote scalable practices for sustainable healthcare. Future research needs to work. Specifically, the research we need to conduct should focus on creating cost-effective technologies and emphasizing cross-culturally applicable technologies. Keywords: eco-friendly laboratories, sustainable health…
creator: Reem magbol wali magfori
creator: Rawan hussain ahmed makki
creator: Abdulaziz Abdullah Abdulaziz Bin Mohize
creator: Abdulhakeem Mohammed Ahmed Alsalem
creator: Ali Hosain Bojbara
creator: khalid Dhewaihi almutairi
creator: Fahad Saeed Ahmed Alqahtani
creator: Huda Awad Mohammed Aljabri
creator: MOHAMMED SALEM ALMOTAIRI
creator: Asael muhmmed alhazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Reem magbol wali magfori, Rawan hussain ahmed makki, Abdulaziz Abdullah Abdulaziz Bin Mohize, Abdulhakeem Mohammed Ahmed Alsalem, Ali Hosain Bojbara, khalid Dhewaihi almutairi, Fahad Saeed Ahmed Alqahtani, Huda Awad Mohammed Aljabri, MOHAMMED SALEM ALMOTAIRI, Asael muhmmed alhazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-23
publication date: 2025-08-23
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 171
ending page: 185
doi: 10.64483/20252213

Integrative Nursing Interventions: A Critical Review of Mindfulness, Aromatherapy, and Therapeutic Touch in Holistic Patient Care
type: item
description: Background: Holistic nursing, grounded in the philosophy of treating the entire person, encompasses physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual care to enhance the overall well-being of both the patient and the nurse. Holistic nursing approaches, such as mindfulness, aromatherapy, and therapeutic touch, have been increasingly implemented in nursing to respond to the problems of stress, pain, and emotional and psychological distress and are part of a worldwide trend toward more integrative approaches to care. Aim: To review and synthesize the current evidence for efficacy, mechanisms, application, and limitations regarding mindfulness, aromatherapy, and therapeutic touch in nursing. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus, with keywords that included "holistic nursing" and "mindfulness efficacy." The quality of each study and all types of evidence was appraised with Joanna Briggs Institute tools with an emphasis on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and RCTs. Results: Mindfulness was found to have positive and significant effects on reducing anxiety and stress and decreasing burnout (g=0.57). Aromatherapy has positive effects on sleep and pain management. Therapeutic touch has a moderate effect on pain management; however, there is limited direct mechanistic evidence. The majority of limitations include the non-standardized interventions and scepticism. Conclusion: This review provided evidence-based support that these approaches support better outcomes for patients and resiliency for nurses. A larger-scale integration of these approaches in practice requires pre-determined and coordinated protocols, and further systematic review methodology will determine their effectiveness in daily healthcare practice. Keywords: Holistic Nursing, Mindfulness, Aromatherapy, Therapeutic Touch, Integrative Care.
creator: Mervat Ali A’Mohsen Alharis
creator: Zahrah Sadiq alfaraj
creator: Abdulhadi Jawad Alhelal
creator: Rana Jawad Alojan
creator: Jumanah Nazmi Alsharidi
creator: Tahani Taher Alkhamis
creator: Jamila Taher Mohammed Alkhamis
creator: AISHAH ALI SULIMAN AL YAHYA
creator: Zainab Ali almatawah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mervat Ali A’Mohsen Alharis, Zahrah Sadiq alfaraj, Abdulhadi Jawad Alhelal, Rana Jawad Alojan, Jumanah Nazmi Alsharidi, Tahani Taher Alkhamis, Jamila Taher Mohammed Alkhamis, AISHAH ALI SULIMAN AL YAHYA, Zainab Ali almatawah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 186
ending page: 197
doi: 10.64483/20252214

Evaluation of Nurse Education on Biosecurity and Health Emergency Preparedness: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: Nurses play a crucial role in health emergencies, such as pandemics, bioterrorism, and natural disasters, but many gaps exist in the biosecurity and emergency preparedness training for nurses around the world - especially for vulnerable communities in low-resourced settings. Aim: This integrative review evaluates the efficacy of nurse education on biosecurity and health emergency preparedness, examining their nature in nurse education, what they measure, what they assess, what issues exist, and how the findings can be used to make evidence-based, relevant changes. Methods: 27 studies from 2015-2025 were synthesized from PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE with a focus on education modalities, competency domains, and evaluation. Data were analyzed thematically and descriptively using descriptive and inferential statistics, and quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Simulation-based education improved knowledge (10% to 30% improvement), skills (p=0.027), and confidence (70% reported a higher perceived preparedness). Simulation training was a better educational modality than a lecture. Low baseline levels of knowledge were noted (78% with no familiarity with any protocols), which were particularly low for bioterrorism-specific education (15% described potential agents correctly pre-education). The DPET and EPIQ measures were both valid and reliable measures of competencies but did not measure the competence specific to bioterrorism. The missing themes in the findings included an absence of exposure to training, standardization for standards of practice, or competency, with no discussion of mental readiness for emergencies that require equivalent faculty support. Conclusion: Simulation-based education and standardization improve nurse preparedness and readiness, although education relating to bioterrorism scenarios and equipping mental health capacity for nurses is essential prior to a public health emergency.
creator: Abeer Gharsan Saeed Alzahrani
creator: Sara Ahmed Hashem Alqarni
creator: Rawan Abdullah Saeed Alshehri
creator: Ihdaa Abdulrhman Abdullah Aborreesh
creator: Fahd Mohammed Eid Alian Al Subhi
creator: Nesreen Awad Abdullah Almalki
creator: Asma Hamed Al-Subhi
creator: Elaf Mousa Naji Alsubhi
creator: habib salem mohsen alhuzali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abeer Gharsan Saeed Alzahrani, Sara Ahmed Hashem Alqarni, Rawan Abdullah Saeed Alshehri, Ihdaa Abdulrhman Abdullah Aborreesh, Fahd Mohammed Eid Alian Al Subhi, Nesreen Awad Abdullah Almalki, Asma Hamed Al-Subhi, Elaf Mousa Naji Alsubhi, habib salem mohsen alhuzali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 198
ending page: 211
doi: 10.64483/20252215

Precision Pharmacy in Hematology: Integration of Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Decision-Making in Anticoagulant and Chemotherapeutic Agents
type: item
description: Background: Precision pharmacy, driven by pharmacogenomics, personalizes anticoagulant and chemotherapeutic therapy based on the genetic profile of the patient, which enhances the outcome of therapy in hematologic diseases. Aim: This review attempts to address the integration of pharmacogenomics into decision-making regarding anticoagulants and chemotherapeutics in hematology with special reference to the pharmacist. Methods: Systematic review of literature using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies between the years 2020-2024. Selection criteria focused on pharmacogenomic applications in hematology. Data were integrated to identify key gene-drug interactions, implementation strategies in clinics, and hindrances. Results: Pharmacogenomic testing of CYP2C9/VKORC1 for warfarin dosing reduced bleeding events by 15%, while TPMT/NUDT15 testing for thiopurines reduced myelosuppression by 25%. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and proactive testing, like the PHASER program, improved outcomes by 12–18%. Limitations involve cost, availability, and clinician training constraints. Conclusion: Pharmacogenomics improves the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant and chemotherapeutic treatment in hematology, with pharmacists as central implementers. Continued advances in AI and multi-omics will progressively optimize precision pharmacy.
creator: Riyad Yahya Thubab
creator: Hafed Mohammed Madkhali
creator: Hassan Omar Assiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Riyad Yahya Thubab, Hafed Mohammed Madkhali, Hassan Omar Assiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 212
ending page: 224
doi: 10.64483/20252216

Impact of Telemedicine and Teleradiology on Interprofessional Collaborative Care Among Nurses, Pharmacists, and Radiologists: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Telemedicine and teleradiology have revolutionized healthcare by enabling the remote delivery of clinical services and diagnostic imaging, thereby enhancing interprofessional collaborative care among nurses, pharmacists, and radiologists. Since 2015, these technologies have gained momentum, particularly with the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing the need for convenient care across different settings. Aim: This review assesses the impact of telemedicine and teleradiology on collaborative care, focusing on patient outcomes, healthcare efficiency, and interprofessional relationships. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted, searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL for peer-reviewed articles (2015–2025). Keywords were "telemedicine," "teleradiology," and "collaborative care." Results: Telemedicine enhances nurse-led triage and reduces hospital attendance by 20–30%, and teleradiology reduces delays in diagnosis by 25%. Telepharmacy increases adherence by 10–15%. The barriers are technological, regulatory, and role ambiguity. Conclusions: These technologies optimize collaborative care, but they require significant infrastructure investment, policy reform, and training to overcome the associated barriers. Future research should focus on developing standardized protocols and integrating AI
creator: Mazen Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni
creator: Fahd Mohammed Alharbi
creator: Ahmad Yahya Ali Daghriri
creator: Mosa Hussien Jordi Tohari
creator: Moataz Ahmed Mohammed Awaji
creator: Ali Hasan Ali Gharawi
creator: Ibrahim Saad Altukhais
creator: Ahmed Mohammed Nasser Amri
creator: Fatimah Suwaylih Almutairi
creator: Fatima Galeb Ali Alanbari
creator: Meshal Nashi Ayad Alshaibani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mazen Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni, Fahd Mohammed Alharbi, Ahmad Yahya Ali Daghriri, Mosa Hussien Jordi Tohari, Moataz Ahmed Mohammed Awaji, Ali Hasan Ali Gharawi, Ibrahim Saad Altukhais, Ahmed Mohammed Nasser Amri, Fatimah Suwaylih Almutairi, Fatima Galeb Ali Alanbari, Meshal Nashi Ayad Alshaibani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-07
publication date: 2025-09-07
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 225
ending page: 237
doi: 10.64483/20252217

Review Study: Education and Training Requirements for Laboratory Medicine Nurses in General and Emergency Settings
type: item
description: Background: Nurses have a pivotal role in implementing laboratory medicine in clinical practice, requiring proficiency in interpreting diagnostic results, particularly in stressed emergency settings. Developments in healthcare technology between 2015 and 2025 have increased such needs, but training gaps persist. Aim: The review establishes training and educational needs for laboratory medicine nurses in general and emergency environments, including evidence-based recommendations. Methods: A systematic review using PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library was conducted, with qualitative and quantitative methods. Thematic synthesis and descriptive analysis were used, with quality established using the Johns Hopkins Levels of Evidence. Results: The main findings highlight gaps in nurses' preparedness for laboratory medicine activities, especially in the emergency setting. CPD, simulation-based education, evidence-based practice (EBP), and interprofessional education are priorities but are underpinned by cessation of funding, time constraints, and non-standardized curricula. Emergency nurses require specialized training in practical testing and rapid diagnostics. Conclusion: Improved and standardized training courses, increased funding for CPD, and interprofessional education are required to equip nurses with laboratory medicine demands to optimize patient outcomes.
creator: Anwar Rashed Ashwa Alanazi
creator: Amirah Fawaz Alwadani
creator: Ahmed Abdullah Faris Alotaibi
creator: Solaiman Rashed Alfaheed
creator: Yahya Alzahrani
creator: Hussain Homoud Habibi Namazi
creator: Mashael Huwaydi Aldhafeeri
creator: Bashaier Huwaydi Aldhafeeri
creator: Reham Saleh Saber Al/Raddadi
creator: Hanan Essa Alharbi
creator: Sabah Abdo Mohammed Bakr
creator: Bayan Osama Muhammed Mugharbel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Fawaz Alwadani, Ahmed Abdullah Faris Alotaibi, Solaiman Rashed Alfaheed, Yahya Alzahrani, Hussain Homoud Habibi Namazi, Anwar Rashed Ashwa Alanazi, Mashael Huwaydi Aldhafeeri, Bashaier Huwaydi Aldhafeeri, Reham Saleh Saber Al/Raddadi, Hanan Essa Alharbi, Sabah Abdo Mohammed Bakr, Bayan Osama Muhammed Mugharbel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 238
ending page: 244
doi: 10.64483/20252218

The Influence of the Clinical Nurse Leader Role on Healthcare Quality: A Narrative Review of Patient Outcomes, Care Coordination, and System-Level Efficacy
type: item
description: Background: Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL), initiated by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing in 2004, is a master-prepared role developed to enhance patient outcomes and microsystem-level care coordination in opposition to growing complexity in healthcare. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence regarding the influence of the CNL on patient safety, quality, satisfaction, readmission, and care coordination, with challenges and future directions. Methods: A Systematic review of various studies in PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus was conducted, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative information. Two tables summarize CNL interventions and outcomes. Results: CNLs reduced hospital-acquired infection (e.g., 20–40% reduction in CAUTIs), improved chronic disease management (5–10% reduction in HbA1c), enhanced patient satisfaction (10–15%), and reduced 30-day readmissions (10–25%). They enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration (15–20% improved communication) and optimized use of resources (10–15% shorter waits). Barriers are role ambiguity and uneven measures, for which there is sparse international evidence. Conclusions: CNLs have a substantial positive impact on patient outcomes and care coordination and align with healthcare reform objectives. Normalized measures, longitudinal data, and international studies are necessary to extend their influence, especially in underserved areas.
creator: Hawraa Abdulhadi Haashim Alsadah
creator: Nouf nasser abdulaziz almulhim
creator: Zainab Abdullah Alburayh
creator: Fatimah Yousef Abdullah Alobud
creator: Sawsan Hussain Mohammed Alawad
creator: Rawan fahad abdultif alzuwayyid
creator: Rawan abdulrahman al marzooq
creator: Asala Hamdan Alruwaili
creator: FATIMAH YASSEN ABDULLAH ALALAWI
creator: HASSAN ALI ABDULLAH ALNAZR
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hawraa Abdulhadi Haashim Alsadah, Nouf nasser abdulaziz almulhim, Zainab Abdullah Alburayh, Fatimah Yousef Abdullah Alobud, Sawsan Hussain Mohammed Alawad, Rawan fahad abdultif alzuwayyid, Rawan abdulrahman al marzooq, Asala Hamdan Alruwaili, FATIMAH YASSEN ABDULLAH ALALAWI, HASSAN ALI ABDULLAH ALNAZR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 245
ending page: 252
doi: 10.64483/20252219

Enhancing Patient Outcomes in Orthopedic Clinics: The Interdisciplinary Role of Nurses, Physiotherapists, and Medical Secretaries-Pelvic Fracture as a Model
type: item
description: Background: Pelvic fractures are complex injuries with high risks of hemorrhage, multisystem involvement, and long-term disability. Optimal outcomes depend on coordinated, interdisciplinary care, particularly from nurses, physiotherapists, and medical secretaries, across the continuum from resuscitation to rehabilitation. Aim: To synthesize role-specific contributions of nurses, physiotherapists, and medical secretaries in orthopedic clinics, using pelvic fracture care as an archetype, and to map these contributions to measurable patient and service outcomes. Methods: Narrative synthesis of current clinical pathways for pelvic fracture evaluation, stabilization, and rehabilitation; role delineation across care phases (prehospital, emergency, operative, inpatient, rehabilitation, and post-discharge); and identification of outcome domains influenced by each profession. Results: Nurses drive hemodynamic surveillance, hemorrhage mitigation, early complication detection, patient/family education, and coordination of trauma protocols; physiotherapists deliver staged mobilization, gait training, pelvic floor and core rehabilitation, and functional capacity rebuilding; medical secretaries enable continuity through scheduling, information flow, documentation integrity, benefits navigation, and inter-service logistics. Interdisciplinary alignment is associated with reduced time-to-stabilization, fewer preventable complications, shorter length of stay, earlier mobilization, improved functional scores, and higher patient satisfaction. Conclusion: In pelvic fracture care, integrating nursing vigilance, physiotherapy-led functional recovery, and medical-secretarial coordination yields superior clinical and operational outcomes. Formalizing shared pathways, handoffs, and metrics should be a strategic priority for orthopedic services.
creator: Muneera Hassan Albuaijan
creator: Hoor Jawad AlQasim
creator: khaled lafi jazi Al-Balawi
creator: Mohammed Salem ALMOTAIRI
creator: Tasneem Hejje ALKHAIBARI
creator: Sahar Rubayyi Albalawi
creator: Awadh Saleh Alamri
creator: Nawal Jadaan Almotairi
creator: Aljawharah Ali Alabsi
creator: Meshal Nashi Ayad Alshaibani
creator: Bayan Osama Muhammed Mugharbel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muneera Hassan Albuaijan, Hoor Jawad AlQasim, khaled lafi jazi Al-Balawi, Mohammed Salem ALMOTAIRI, Tasneem Hejje ALKHAIBARI, Sahar Rubayyi Albalawi, Awadh Saleh Alamri, Nawal Jadaan Almotairi, Aljawharah Ali Alabsi, Meshal Nashi Ayad Alshaibani, Bayan Osama Muhammed Mugharbel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 253
ending page: 269
doi: 10.64483/20252220

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Multidisciplinary Care Pathway for Radiology, Nursing & Physical Therapy
type: item
description: Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a leading cause of pain, gait limitation, and surgery in older adults. Because symptoms reflect both fixed anatomic narrowing and posture-dependent dynamics, single-modality decisions underperform. Aim: To outline a multidisciplinary care pathway integrating radiology, nursing, and physical therapy (PT) to improve diagnostic accuracy, functional outcomes, and value. Methods: Narrative synthesis of core domains—anatomy, etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, history/physical, evaluation, treatment, prognosis, complications, patient education, and team operations—emphasizing actionable links between imaging phenotypes (central, lateral recess, foraminal, extraforaminal) and bedside/rehabilitation decisions. Results: Flexion widens canal/foramina; extension worsens crowding—an insight that aligns patient education and PT toward flexion-biased programs. MRI remains first-line; axial-loading MRI and CT/myelography resolve discrepancies or contraindications. Standardized MRI grading (e.g., Schizas/Chen Jia/Lee) plus functional metrics (SPWT, ODI) enable decision-ready reports. Epidural injections provide short-term relief with modest effects on walking; medial branch radiofrequency helps facet-predominant pain. When needed, decompression—open, minimally invasive, or endoscopic—improves pain and function; fusion is reserved for instability/deformity. Interspinous spacers benefit selected extension-sensitive, one-to-two-level disease without osteoporosis/instability. Conclusion: A pathway that matches mechanism to modality—precise radiology, nurse-led safety/education, and PT-led graded conditioning—yields faster, safer diagnosis and individualized care, limiting unnecessary procedures while preserving surgical benefit for appropriate candidates.
creator: Ghazy Hassan Mohajer
creator: Amnah Abdu Khormi
creator: Wael Atiah Safhi
creator: Ali Majed Mohammed Malhan
creator: Atheer Ibrahim Hadi Matabi
creator: Mansor Ali Ahmad Alsbee
creator: Mohammed Salem Almotairi
creator: Abdulelah Hassan Alhathiq
creator: Abdullah Ahmed Rayyani
creator: Khaled Mohammed Ogdi
creator: Abdulaziz Mohammed Yahya Moafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghazy Hassan Mohajer, Amnah Abdu Khormi, Wael Atiah Safhi, Ali Majed Mohammed Malhan, Atheer Ibrahim Hadi Matabi, Mansor Ali Ahmad Alsbee, Mohammed Salem Almotairi, Abdulelah Hassan Alhathiq, Abdullah Ahmed Rayyani, Khaled Mohammed Ogdi, Abdulaziz Mohammed Yahya Moafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 270
ending page: 288
doi: 10.64483/20252221

Cracked Tooth Syndrome: Clinical Diagnosis, Nursing Care, and Laboratory Considerations.
type: item
description: Background: Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS) is a prevalent, diagnostically challenging condition with heterogeneous symptoms and variable progression that can compromise pulpal and periodontal health. Aim: To synthesize contemporary clinical guidance on CTS encompassing diagnosis, nursing care, and laboratory considerations to inform patient-centered, team-based management. Methods: Narrative integration of clinical history/physical examination features, adjunctive diagnostic tools (magnification, fibreoptic transillumination, bite tests, vitality testing, radiography/CBCT), etiologic and epidemiologic determinants, treatment pathways from conservative stabilization to endodontic therapy or extraction, and interprofessional roles. Results: Early, structured evaluation improves localization and staging of cracks and enables timely stabilization. Direct bonded restorations and provisional external splinting relieve symptoms and reduce flexure; definitive cuspal coverage redistributes occlusal forces. Pulpal involvement or root extension worsens prognosis and may necessitate endodontic treatment with guarded long-term survival or extraction. Nurses augment outcomes through triage, education, and adherence support; laboratories optimize material selection, digital design, and splinting biomechanics. Conclusion: CTS outcomes improve when clinicians pair rigorous diagnostics with staged biomechanical control and clear expectation-setting, supported by coordinated nursing and laboratory contributions. Early detection remains the pivotal determinant of tooth preservation.
creator: Yousef Mohammad Gh Almutairi
creator: Noura Jaber Al-Asmari
creator: Hanan Zaal R ALruwaili
creator: Huda Daifallah Al Saadi
creator: Mohammed Almutairi
creator: Khalid Fahd Ali ALRushaidan
creator: Abdulaziz Fouad Abdulqader ALNoman
creator: Asala Hamdan Alruwaili
creator: Fatimah Mohammed Eisa Alabbad
creator: Saleh Mohammed Alghamdi
creator: Norah Nasser Saleh Al Yami
creator: Hamad Mohaimeed Hamad Alotaibi
creator: Meshal Saleh Alenazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yousef Mohammad Gh Almutairi, Noura Jaber Al-Asmari, Hanan Zaal R ALruwaili, Huda Daifallah Al Saadi, Mohammed Almutairi, Khalid Fahd Ali ALRushaidan, Abdulaziz Fouad Abdulqader ALNoman, Asala Hamdan Alruwaili, Fatimah Mohammed Eisa Alabbad, Saleh Mohammed Alghamdi, Norah Nasser Saleh Al Yami, Hamad Mohaimeed Hamad Alotaibi, Meshal Saleh Alenazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-07
publication date: 2025-10-07
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 289
ending page: 301
doi: 10.64483/20252222

Utilization of Video Conferencing for Paramedic-to-Physician Consultations in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: Pre-hospital emergency care is critical for the handling of acute conditions such as stroke, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and trauma, where timely interventions are life-determining. Video conferencing allows real-time paramedic-to-physician consultations, enhancing decision-making and patient outcomes. Aim: The aim of this review is to evaluate the application of video conferencing in pre-hospital EMS, in terms of the technological requirements, legal issues, and impact on pre-hospital care and ED preparedness. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature from 2015 to 2025 was undertaken via PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL. Keywords were "video conferencing," "telemedicine," "paramedic," and condition-specific terms. Results: Video conferencing improves diagnostic accuracy (e.g., 20% for stroke), treatment adherence (15% increase), and patient outcomes (e.g., 25-minute reduction in stroke door-to-needle time). It improves ED readiness by facilitating communication streamlining, resource allocation (30% reduction in STEMI wait times), and triage efficiency. Challenges include rural connectivity issues, training needs, and legal uncertainties. Conclusion: Video conferencing transforms EMS because it enhances care provision and ED preparedness but requires robust technology, clear regulations, and training. Connectivity and AI incorporation are aspects to be prioritized for future research.
creator: Majed Azmi Ghanem Aldahmashi
creator: Ysif Saleh A alhazmi
creator: Rizgallah Farj A Alrawili
creator: Hamoud Hajji A Aldahmashi
creator: Mohammed Mrih M Alenezi
creator: Abdulaziz Basheer Shami Alanazi
creator: Sami Jumah Khatam Alhazmi
creator: Mohammed Qaem Essa Alanazi
creator: Muteb Batel Nawman Alhazemi
creator: Abdulaziz Moraya Binyah Alanazi
creator: Sami Alamlah Shatah Alanazi
creator: Aabdullah aladham Alenezi
creator: Basim Mousa Alhumaidi Alhazmi
creator: Ayed Salhoub A Alswilmi
creator: Nawaf Rasheed sunaydih Alruwaili
creator: Amad Lafi S Alenezi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Majed Azmi Ghanem Aldahmashi, Ysif Saleh A alhazmi, Rizgallah Farj A Alrawili, Hamoud Hajji A Aldahmashi, Mohammed Mrih M Alenezi, Abdulaziz Basheer Shami Alanazi, Sami Jumah Khatam Alhazmi, Mohammed Qaem Essa Alanazi, Muteb Batel Nawman Alhazemi, Abdulaziz Moraya Binyah Alanazi, Sami Alamlah Shatah Alanazi, Aabdullah aladham Alenezi, Basim Mousa Alhumaidi Alhazmi, Ayed Salhoub A Alswilmi, Nawaf Rasheed sunaydih Alruwaili, Amad Lafi S Alenezi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 311
ending page: 318
doi: 10.64483/20252223

Multidisciplinary Management of Depression in Patients with Chronic Illness: Integrating Psychological, Nutritional, Nursing, and Digital Health Approaches
type: item
description: Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent condition that frequently co-occurs with chronic medical illnesses, creating a synergistic burden that worsens quality of life, impairs treatment adherence, and increases mortality. The relationship is bidirectional, with medical illness increasing depression risk and depression contributing to the onset and progression of somatic disease. Aim: This article aims to review the multidisciplinary management of depression in medically ill patients, integrating psychological, pharmacological, nursing, social, and digital health approaches to improve detection and treatment outcomes. Methods: The review synthesizes epidemiological data, pathophysiological mechanisms (including shared genetics, inflammation, and neurobiological pathways), and evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses. It evaluates diagnostic challenges, screening tools, and a range of management strategies, including pharmacotherapy (with attention to drug-disease interactions), psychotherapy, neuromodulation, and collaborative care models. Results: Depression is prevalent across chronic conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, with rates often exceeding 20%. Effective management requires an integrated, etiology-driven approach. Antidepressants and adapted psychotherapies demonstrate efficacy, but success depends on careful agent selection to avoid adverse interactions. Collaborative care models, which systematize screening and combine a care manager with psychiatric oversight, consistently yield the best functional and symptomatic outcomes. Conclusion: A multifaceted, patient-centered strategy that coordinates medical and mental healthcare is essential. Success hinges on moving beyond simple screening to embed management within a structured, multidisciplinary framework that addresses the complex biological, psychological, and social interplay between depression and physical illness.
creator: Aiman Ali Ebrahem Shehab
creator: Abdulrahman Ahmed Mohammed Moafa
creator: Mohammed Othman Ibrahim Kamili
creator: Alaaldeen Ahmed Ibrahim Shehab
creator: Mohammed Ahmed M Moafa
creator: Ibrahim Mohammed Ali Muallim
creator: Khalid Mohammed Ali Sahli
creator: Nasser Mohsen Nasser Aljafery
creator: Anwar Ali Hakami
creator: Akram Abdulkarim Al-Juhani
creator: Fahad Ali Mohammad Sweidi
creator: Adel Mohammed Mousa Hamzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aiman Ali Ebrahem Shehab, Abdulrahman Ahmed Mohammed Moafa, Mohammed Othman Ibrahim Kamili, Alaaldeen Ahmed Ibrahim Shehab, Mohammed Ahmed M Moafa, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali Muallim, Khalid Mohammed Ali Sahli, Nasser Mohsen Nasser Aljafery, Anwar Ali Hakami, Akram Abdulkarim Al-Juhani, Fahad Ali Mohammad Sweidi, Adel Mohammed Mousa Hamzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 319
ending page: 339
doi: 10.64483/20252224

Clinical Management and Pharmacological Support in Surgical Extraction of Unerupted Teeth: An Updated Review for Dentists, Pharmacists, Laboratory Workers.
type: item
description: Background: The extraction of unerupted and impacted teeth is a common yet complex surgical procedure in dentistry. These teeth, which fail to erupt into the dental arch, can lead to pathologies such as cysts, infections, and damage to adjacent structures, necessitating careful surgical management. Aim: This review aims to provide an updated, comprehensive guide for dental professionals on the clinical management and pharmacological support for the surgical extraction of unerupted teeth, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes. Methods: The article synthesizes current evidence on diagnosis, classification (utilizing systems like Pell and Gregory and Winter), and surgical techniques. It details the roles of pre-operative assessment, including advanced imaging like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for risk stratification, and outlines the step-by-step surgical protocol from flap design to socket management. Results: Successful outcomes depend on meticulous planning and execution. Key findings highlight the importance of CBCT in assessing proximity to neurovascular bundles, the efficacy of techniques like tooth sectioning and coronectomy in reducing complications, and the critical need for tailored pharmacological management for pain, infection, and bleeding control. Complications such as alveolar osteitis, nerve injury, and oroantral communication are discussed with evidence-based prevention and management strategies. Conclusion: The surgical extraction of unerupted teeth requires a systematic, team-based approach. Integrating precise surgical techniques with appropriate pharmacological support and interdisciplinary collaboration among dentists, pharmacists, and laboratory workers is essential for minimizing risks and ensuring patient safety and effective recovery.
creator: Mai Abdullah M Alqunfdi
creator: Hanan Muntaha Hassan Al-Moashi
creator: Zohour Abduqader Baamer
creator: Khdigah Mansour Sarhan
creator: Mohammed Almutairi
creator: Ali Mohammed Qassim Hazzazi
creator: Amal Ahmad Ali Hardi
creator: Fatimah Saad Alotaibi
creator: Hanan Awad Awaad Alosaimi
creator: zaki yahya bawkar hawbani
creator: Abdullah Rashid Alharbi
creator: Reem Mohammad alhumaidan
creator: Mohammed Othma AlRethy
creator: Dawla Ali Al aqili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mai Abdullah M Alqunfdi, Hanan Muntaha Hassan Al-Moashi, Zohour Abduqader Baamer, Khdigah Mansour Sarhan, Mohammed Almutairi, Ali Mohammed Qassim Hazzazi, Amal Ahmad Ali Hardi, Fatimah Saad Alotaibi, Hanan Awad Awaad Alosaimi, zaki yahya bawkar hawbani, Abdullah Rashid Alharbi, Reem Mohammad alhumaidan, Mohammed Othma AlRethy, Dawla Ali Al aqili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 340
ending page: 352
doi: 10.64483/20252225

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Opioid Toxicity: Nursing, Medical, and Health Security Dimensions
type: item
description: Background: Opioid toxicity represents a critical public health crisis, characterized by a sharp rise in misuse, addiction, and fatal overdoses. This complex issue stems from the pharmacological effects of opioids on the central nervous system, particularly respiratory depression, and is fueled by a combination of prescribing practices, patient vulnerabilities, and social determinants. Aim: This review aims to synthesize interdisciplinary perspectives on opioid toxicity, focusing on the integrated roles of nursing, medical management, and health security in prevention, acute intervention, and long-term harm reduction. Methods: The analysis is based on a comprehensive review of clinical practices, including patient assessment, diagnostic criteria, and treatment protocols. It evaluates medical management strategies like Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) and nursing interventions for acute toxicity and monitoring. Health security dimensions, such as prescription drug monitoring programs and secure storage, are also examined. Results: Effective management requires a coordinated, multi-pronged approach. Key findings highlight the efficacy of naloxone for overdose reversal, the central role of MAT (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone) in treating Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), and the critical importance of nursing in continuous monitoring, patient education, and risk assessment. Health security measures are essential for preventing diversion. Conclusion: Combating the opioid epidemic necessitates a unified strategy that bridges clinical care and public health. Interprofessional collaboration among nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and health security professionals is paramount to ensuring safe prescribing, effective overdose response, and sustainable recovery, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.
creator: Faten Aden Almutairi
creator: Mona Saleh Almutairi
creator: Nouf Saleh Almutairi
creator: Ahlam Ahmed Abdu Masrahi
creator: Zahra Ibrahim Bohis Tohary
creator: Ameerah Ali Ibrahim Somali
creator: Asrar Hassan Yahya Daghriri
creator: Shaima Ahmed Daghriry
creator: Eman Ali Jassim Alsafwani
creator: Aisha abdow hadadi
creator: Noura Jaber Al-Asmari
creator: Kathiyh Jaman Alyami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Faten Aden Almutairi, Mona Saleh Almutairi, Nouf Saleh Almutairi, Ahlam Ahmed Abdu Masrahi, Zahra Ibrahim Bohis Tohary, Ameerah Ali Ibrahim Somali, Asrar Hassan Yahya Daghriri, Shaima Ahmed Daghriry, Eman Ali Jassim Alsafwani, Aisha abdow hadadi, Noura Jaber Al-Asmari, Kathiyh Jaman Alyami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 353
ending page: 365
doi: 10.64483/20252226

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term Impact of Community-Based First Aid (CBFA) Programs: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Background: Community-Based First Aid (CBFA) programs educate laypeople to respond to emergencies, addressing pressing gaps in pre-hospital care, particularly in resource-scarce settings. Their cost-effectiveness and long-term impact are under-researched despite growing adoption globally. Aim: This review evaluates the cost-effectiveness and enduring impact of CBFA programs, identifying barriers and facilitators to inform scalable implementation approaches. Methods: Peer-reviewed studies (2000-2025) from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature were synthesized narratively. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed and grey literature that reported on CBFA effectiveness, costs, or long-term outcomes in any setting. Data were extracted for study design, population, interventions, and outcomes (e.g., ICERs, skill retention), and quality was assessed using GRADE and Cochrane tools. Results: CBFA programs are very cost-effective, with ICERs < $500/QALY and benefit-cost ratios as high as 4.2:1. Long-term studies report sustained benefits, including 20-25% reductions in injury hospitalizations and 15-20% improvements in helping behaviors up to 3 years post-training. Challenges: skill decay (20-30% within 6-12 months) and limited funding. Electronic resources and CHW integration support scalability. Conclusion: CBFA programs are a cost-effective, equitable emergency preparedness intervention, supporting SDG 3. Policymakers need to prioritize digital integration and strict evaluations for maximal effect.
creator: Yasir Hadi Falah Alanazi
creator: Meshal Juayf Abdullah Alanazi
creator: Mohammad Tabshan Nogaimsh Alsharare
creator: Ali Ayash Tala Al-Hazmi
creator: Abdullah Jeza Awaed Al Enazi
creator: Bader Khaled Salem ALrayes
creator: Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi
creator: Abdulrahman Rasheed Almubadal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yasir Hadi Falah Alanazi, Meshal Juayf Abdullah Alanazi, Mohammad Tabshan Nogaimsh Alsharare, Ali Ayash Tala Al-Hazmi, Abdullah Jeza Awaed Al Enazi, Bader Khaled Salem ALrayes, Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi, Anwar Rashed A Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 366
ending page: 374
doi: 10.64483/20252227

A Systematic Review of Patient Complexity and Clinical Protocols: Acute-on-Chronic Multi-Morbidity Management in the Emergency Department
type: item
description: Background: The 21st-century Emergency Department (ED) is faced with a rising number of patients with complex multi-morbidity (CMM) presenting with acute deteriorations, or "acute-on-chronic" illness. These patients have intricate interactions between chronic diseases, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment, and social vulnerability that frustrate traditional single-organ emergency care and lead to diagnostic uncertainty, iatrogenic harm, and poor outcomes. Aim: The aim of this review was to summarize the literature on acute-on-chronic CMM in the ED and present the argument for the need to develop specialized, interdisciplinary protocols for physicians and nurses to improve care for this vulnerable population. Methods: A narrative synthesis of the literature was conducted. The review analyzed the nature of CMM patients, critiqued existing care models like Geriatric ED guidelines, and proposed new protocol elements. Two new conceptual tools were developed: a nursing assessment framework and a formal communication tool for transitions in care. Results: The comparison confirmed the presence of a mismatch between CMM patient needs and usual ED functioning. While models like GEDA provide a foundation, a more comprehensive, protocol-based solution is required. The review prompted the creation of two helpful tools: a protocol for a thorough nursing assessment (covering cognition, function, and social context) and a standard handoff tool for ensuring safe transitions to primary care. Conclusion: A paradigm shift toward proactive, holistic, protocol-driven care is required for acute-on-chronic CMM patients. Specialized interprofessional protocols are fundamental to advancing patient safety and promoting sustainable emergency care. Future research must focus on the validation of complexity screening tools and the evaluation of the impact of these protocols on patient-centered outcomes.
creator: Abdulmajeed Obaid Alanazi
creator: Saleh Ashway Nahar Alshammari
creator: A Majed Farhan Awad Al-Hazmi
creator: Owaed Awad Alhazmi
creator: Amer Mudhhi Suayn Alhazmi
creator: Tahani Hakami
creator: Hanen Ibrahim Safar
creator: Yusif Husin Al Enazi
creator: Ayman Mohammed Altayyari
creator: Bandar Saleem Alharbi
creator: Nabeel Albalawe
creator: Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmajeed Obaid Alanazi, Saleh Ashway Nahar Alshammari, A Majed Farhan Awad Al-Hazmi, Owaed Awad Alhazmi, Amer Mudhhi Suayn Alhazmi, Tahani Hakami, Hanen Ibrahim Safar, Yusif Husin Al Enazi, Ayman Mohammed Altayyari, Bandar Saleem Alharbi, Nabeel Albalawe, Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 375
ending page: 382
doi: 10.64483/20252228

The Pharmacist's Role in CAR-T Cell Therapy: From Protocol Development to Toxicity Reduction
type: item
description: Background: CAR-T cell therapy is cutting-edge immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies, and the pharmacist has a crucial role to play in its safe delivery. Aim: Through this review, the pharmacist's role in CAR-T therapy, ranging from protocol development to toxicity management, is evaluated with consideration of real-world evidence and the future direction. Methods: A Systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using searches for studies between 2017–2025. Relevance to pharmacist roles in CAR-T therapy informed study selection, synthesizing data on protocol management, product handling, and toxicity mitigation. Results: Pharmacists enable regulatory compliance, manage product logistics, and guide toxicity interventions, reducing adverse events by up to 40% in some settings. Case studies illustrate outpatient care (85% ambulatory care) and tocilizumab early start (90% severe CRS prevention). Complications are supply chain interruption and limited specialist roles (20% of centers). Conclusion: Pharmacists are the key to the success of CAR-T therapy, improving safety and outcomes. Dedicated positions and standardized training would be necessary to cope with emerging challenges, especially in outpatient and solid tumor settings.
creator: Abdulrahman Atiah Alghamdi
creator: Naif Ali Almalki
creator: Fahad Mosakin Althubyani
creator: Saleh Awadh Alshamrani
creator: Manal Abdulaziz Alsharif
creator: Eisi Menwer Alamri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman Atiah Alghamdi, Naif Ali Almalki, Fahad Mosakin Althubyani, Saleh Awadh Alshamrani, Manal Abdulaziz Alsharif, Eisi Menwer Alamri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 383
ending page: 389
doi: 10.64483/20252229

The Interface of Nutrition and Immunity: An in-depth look at nutritional interventions for the oncology patient receiving immunotherapy
type: item
description: Background: Immunotherapy, as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized oncology by taking advantage of the patient's native immune system to combat cancer. Although responses are heterogeneous, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can limit treatment benefit and decrease quality of life. A growing appreciation is arising that host factors, including nutritional status and diet, play an important role in determining the immune response and tumor microenvironment. Aim: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence relating to nutritional strategies in cancer immunotherapy patients. It considers the ruinous role of malnutrition (cachexia) in clinical outcomes, reviews the mechanisms by which particular dietary components influence anti-tumor immunity and treatment side effects, and provides a model for the practical assessment and management of nutritional deficits. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through the utilization of leading scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) to identify preclinical, clinical, and review articles published up to 2024. Search terms were permutations of "immunotherapy," "immune checkpoint inhibitors," "nutrition," "diet," "cachexia," "microbiome," and "immune-related adverse events." The evidence was synthesized to provide a narrative review of the existing literature. Results: There is evidence that indicates that sarcopenia and malnutrition have a close correlation with poorer efficacy of ICI and increased toxicity. Individual nutritional interventions are promising for modulating outcomes: adequate consumption of good-quality protein is crucial for the avoidance of muscle wasting and immune function maintenance; dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects and preserve a healthy gut microbiome; the Mediterranean diet and vegetarian dietary patterns are related to improved survival; and micronutrients like Vitamin D hav…
creator: Afaf Snitan Al-Otaibi
creator: Reem Salem Alharbi
creator: Nasra Jamaan Alanizi
creator: Ohood Alhameedy Alanizi
creator: Asma Fahad Alotaibi
creator: Wejdan Abdulrahman Alshehri
creator: Reham Mohammad Alsoulaimi
creator: Muteb Nasser Alotabi
creator: Fayiz Khalaf Alanazi
creator: Majed khalid Aljarallah
creator: Salma Ali khrami
creator: Khulud Nayyaf Alotaibi
creator: Manar Obaid Alanazi
creator: Majed Battah Alshammari
creator: Turki Saleh Alduhaim
creator: Fahad Mohamed Alanazi
creator: Jaber Ali Hassan Alshehri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Afaf Snitan Al-Otaibi, Reem Salem Alharbi, Nasra Jamaan Alanizi, Ohood Alhameedy Alanizi, Asma Fahad Alotaibi, Wejdan Abdulrahman Alshehri, Reham Mohammad Alsoulaimi, Muteb Nasser Alotabi, Fayiz Khalaf Alanazi, Majed khalid Aljarallah, Salma Ali khrami, Khulud Nayyaf Alotaibi, Manar Obaid Alanazi, Majed Battah Alshammari, Turki Saleh Alduhaim, Fahad Mohamed Alanazi, Jaber Ali Hassan Alshehri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 390
ending page: 398
doi: 10.64483/20252230

De-implementation in Nursing: A Systematic Review of Strategies to Stop Low-Value Care to Improve Patient Safety and Workload Reduction
type: item
description: Background: Continued delivery of low-value nursing care—practices outdated, ineffective, or even harmful—compromises patient safety and contributes to unnecessary nursing workload. While the new implementation of evidence is the focus, the systematic process of removing such practices, known as de-implementation, is needed for healthcare quality improvement. Aim: The aim of this review study is to synthesize current evidence on de-implementation in nursing, present its theoretical basis, enumerate typical low-value practices, and identify effective ways to stop them for improved patient outcomes and optimal workflow in nursing. Methods: An integrated literature review was conducted by combining results from current empirical studies, systematic reviews, and quality improvement reports on de-implementation and low-value care in nursing and interprofessional settings. Results: Routine Foley catheterization, unnecessary vital sign monitoring, and liberal physical restraint use are strong de-implementation candidates, the review implies. Successful strategies are multifaceted, including audit and feedback, clinical decision support in electronic health records, nurse-initiated protocols, and sending out professional campaigns like Choosing Wisely. Success is highly dependent on strong clinical leadership, a psychological safety culture, and interprofessional collaboration to counter cognitive inertia and embedded professional norms. Conclusion: De-implementation is an ethical and pragmatic imperative to nursing. Systematically eliminating low-value care is essential to sustain patient safety, reduce iatrogenic harm, and allow nurses to focus their skills on high-value, individualized care
creator: Masheal Masoud Alyami
creator: Haila Hussain Alshaiban
creator: Maryam Mohammed Alnaji
creator: Maryam Ali Yahya Jarah
creator: Afiyah Mousa Ahmed Tawashi
creator: Hanan Mohammed Ahmed Sharahili
creator: Amany Modhaya Ali Omair
creator: Shaima Jubran Alyami
creator: Amani Ageel Muhanna
creator: Ghrop Yhia Ahmad Mobtti‏‏‏‏‏
creator: Meshael Suliman Saeed Alotaib
creator: Nujood Ali saad ‏‏‏‏‏ Al Shahrani
creator: Joud Abdullah Aldossary
creator: Alanoud Ali Siddiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fayza Karman Nasha Al Hazmi, Amani Zaben Mashan Alanazi, ‏Musa Samir Ayesh Al-Rakhimi, Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi, Khaled Mohammed Alamri, Abdullah Talaq ALnami , Nada Ahmad Awois, Hussam Ali Mohammed Alasam, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alashjaee, Mohammed Abdulrahman Almutairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 399
ending page: 406
doi: 10.64483/20252237

Integrated Emergency, Nursing, and Family Medicine Approaches to the Recognition and Management of Adrenal Crisis
type: item
description: Background: Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening endocrine emergency caused by a severe deficiency of cortisol, often triggered by physiologic stress in individuals with underlying adrenal insufficiency. Despite being treatable, it carries a significant mortality rate, estimated at 0.5 deaths per 100 patient-years, primarily due to delays in recognition and intervention. Aim: This article aims to outline the integrated, multidisciplinary approach required for the prompt recognition, emergency management, and long-term prevention of adrenal crisis, emphasizing roles across emergency medicine, nursing, and family medicine. Methods: Management is centered on immediate parenteral glucocorticoid administration (100mg hydrocortisone IV/IM) and aggressive fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline. This is coupled with correction of hypoglycemia and electrolyte imbalances. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion based on a history of adrenal insufficiency, chronic steroid use, or presentation with refractory hypotension, and is supported by laboratory findings (e.g., hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia). Results: Prompt treatment leads to rapid clinical improvement, but delayed intervention results in high mortality and complications such as seizures, arrhythmias, and multi-organ failure. Patient education on "sick day rules" (stress-dose steroids) and access to emergency hydrocortisone injection kits are critical for preventing recurrent crises. Conclusion: Adrenal crisis remains a preventable cause of death. Optimal outcomes depend on a high index of suspicion, immediate empiric therapy, and a coordinated interprofessional team strategy to ensure seamless care from emergency response to long-term community management.
creator: Badrea Asri Alenazy
creator: Khulud Saleh Ashamlani
creator: Sultan Daaj Alotaibi
creator: Khalid Abdullah Mudaysh Bajawi
creator: Lawahith Mohammad Alhumaidan
creator: Ahmed Saeed Alzahrani
creator: Maryaim Yousef Alshehab
creator: Khalid Mohammed D Aldossari
creator: Zahra Ali Alzahrani
creator: Aeshah Omar Musayyab Almaghrabi
creator: Wejdan Hamed Saghir
creator: Abeer Oudah Alyanbaawi
creator: Rabab Ebrahim Qaboli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Badrea Asri Alenazy, Khulud Saleh Ashamlani, Sultan Daaj Alotaibi, Khalid Abdullah Mudaysh Bajawi, Lawahith Mohammad Alhumaidan, Ahmed Saeed Alzahrani, Maryaim Yousef Alshehab, Khalid Mohammed D Aldossari, Zahra Ali Alzahrani, Aeshah Omar Musayyab Almaghrabi, Wejdan Hamed Saghir, Abeer Oudah Alyanbaawi, Rabab Ebrahim Qaboli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 399
ending page: 416
doi: 10.64483/20252232

Interdisciplinary Evaluation and Management of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Pharmacological Optimization, Nursing Care Coordination, and Radiological Diagnostic Integration
type: item
description: Background: Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS), a narrowing of the carotid artery without recent neurological symptoms, is a common manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and a marker for increased stroke and cardiovascular risk. Its management balances the prevention of future stroke against the risks of intervention. Aim: This review provides an interdisciplinary update on the evaluation and management of ACAS, integrating perspectives from radiological diagnostics, pharmacological optimization, and nursing care coordination to guide evidence-based, patient-centered decision-making. Methods: The synthesis is based on a comprehensive analysis of current guidelines, clinical trials, and cohort studies. It evaluates the roles of various diagnostic imaging modalities (duplex ultrasound, CTA, MRA) for risk stratification and examines the efficacy of best medical therapy (BMT) versus revascularization (CEA, CAS, TCAR). Results: Contemporary BMT, including statins, antiplatelets, and aggressive risk factor control, has significantly reduced the annual ipsilateral stroke risk to approximately 0.9-1%. This diminished baseline risk narrows the net benefit of routine revascularization. Current management therefore prioritizes BMT for most patients, reserving intervention for those with high-risk features such as stenosis progression, plaque vulnerability (e.g., intraplaque hemorrhage), or impaired cerebrovascular reserve. Conclusion: The management of ACAS has evolved towards a personalized, medical-first approach. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from revascularization while ensuring the majority receive optimized BMT. This strategy, supported by rigorous nursing coordination and advanced radiological diagnostics, optimizes outcomes by minimizing stroke risk and procedural harm.
creator: Sabah Abdulrahman Nasser Alshuhri
creator: Mona Ahmed Kariri
creator: Ashwaq Abdullrahman Nasser Alshehri
creator: Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi
creator: Majed Ahmed Abualsayl
creator: Nawal Ahmed Abdu Hamdi
creator: Fahid Ayed Awad Allah Al-Otaibi
creator: Ameerah Mohammad Alharbi
creator: Sharefa Mubark Aldosari
creator: Zainab Muhammad Alharbi
creator: Yousef Mohammed Shatyan Alharbi
creator: Nouf Abdulrahman Alnamlah
creator: Sultan Mufareh Ahmed Qusadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sabah Abdulrahman Nasser Alshuhri, Mona Ahmed Kariri, Ashwaq Abdullrahman Nasser Alshehri, Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi, Majed Ahmed Abualsayl , Nawal Ahmed Abdu Hamdi, Fahid Ayed Awad Allah Al-Otaibi, Ameerah Mohammad Alharbi, Sharefa Mubark Aldosari, Zainab Muhammad Alharbi, Yousef Mohammed Shatyan Alharbi, Nouf Abdulrahman Alnamlah, Sultan Mufareh Ahmed Qusadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 417
ending page: 433
doi: 10.64483/20252233

Hepatitis E Virus: Comprehensive Virological Insights, Diagnostic Strategies, and Laboratory Management for Clinical and Research Specialists
type: item
description: Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major global cause of acute viral hepatitis, with significant morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations. It is a non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route, though zoonotic transmission is increasingly recognized. Aim: This review provides a comprehensive update on HEV for clinical and research specialists, covering its virology, diagnostic strategies, and laboratory management to improve detection and patient care. Methods: The synthesis is based on a detailed analysis of HEV's virological characteristics, including its genotypes and their distinct epidemiological patterns. Diagnostic approaches are evaluated, comparing serological assays (anti-HEV IgM/IgG) and molecular methods (PCR for HEV RNA) for acute and chronic infection. Results: HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause waterborne outbreaks in developing regions, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and responsible for sporadic cases in developed countries. Infection is often self-limiting but can lead to fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women and chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis relies on a combination of serology and PCR, with the latter being essential for confirming chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients where antibody responses may be blunted. Conclusion: HEV is a complex pathogen with a variable clinical presentation. Accurate diagnosis requires an understanding of its virology and the strategic use of laboratory tests. Enhanced surveillance, targeted testing in high-risk groups, and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for effective management and prevention.
creator: Neamat Bakr Ali Tukruna
creator: Hind Saad Mohammed Alabdulsalam
creator: Rashad Mohammad Hayan
creator: Ateyah Laheg Nami Alhadri
creator: Fatimah Sared Alsaiari
creator: Ahmed Abdu Ahmed Zalah
creator: Saleh Ahmad S Alebaidi
creator: Mohammad Zaher Alblowi
creator: Mahhani Hamad Jafar
creator: Hadeel Hassan Almadkhly
creator: Walaa Abdulwahed
creator: Salihah Ahmed Allaghabi
creator: Ahmed Moner Alqerafi
creator: Majdi Raji Naffa Alharbi
creator: Roaa Ahmed Dweiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Neamat Bakr Ali Tukruna, Hind Saad Mohammed Alabdulsalam, Rashad Mohammad Hayan, Ateyah Laheg Nami Alhadri, Fatimah Sared Alsaiari, Ahmed Abdu Ahmed Zalah, Saleh Ahmad S Alebaidi, Mohammad Zaher Alblowi, Mahhani Hamad Jafar, Hadeel Hassan Almadkhly, Walaa Abdulwahed, Salihah Ahmed Allaghabi, Ahmed Moner Alqerafi, Majdi Raji Naffa Alharbi, Roaa Ahmed Dweiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 434
ending page: 446
doi: 10.64483/20252234

Cardiac Rehabilitation: Integrated Approaches in Physical Therapy, Nursing, and Health Information Management
type: item
description: Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an evidence-based, multidisciplinary intervention recommended for patients recovering from acute cardiac events or living with chronic cardiac conditions to improve functional capacity and reduce mortality. Aim: The primary aims of CR are to reduce the physiological and psychological burdens of cardiovascular disease, lower all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality, restore cardiopulmonary function, and enhance quality of life through structured, supervised programming. Methods: CR is delivered through phases, interprofessional programs integrating supervised, graded exercise training (aerobic and resistance), rigorous risk factor modification (e.g., lipid, blood pressure, and weight management), and structured psychosocial support and patient education. Programs are typically supervised and span approximately 12 weeks. Results: Participation in CR leads to significant improvements in functional capacity (e.g., VO₂ max), modifiable risk factors, and psychosocial well-being (reducing anxiety and depression). It demonstrably reduces hospital readmissions and long-term mortality. Furthermore, CR has an exceptional safety profile, with severe adverse events being exceptionally rare during supervised sessions. Conclusion: Cardiac rehabilitation is a cornerstone of cardiovascular secondary prevention, effectively improving clinical outcomes, functional status, and quality of life. Despite its proven benefits, utilization remains low due to systemic and patient-level barriers.
creator: Sarah Matar Alshammari
creator: Nouf Alobaid Salem Alanazi
creator: Shuruq Kaseb Ashwi Alanazi
creator: Maali Munawir Alrashdi
creator: Wgdan Sauod Alanzi
creator: Ruwayda Hamed Yahya Sughayyir
creator: Noura Jaber Al-Asmari
creator: Duaa Mohammed Alithan
creator: Khulud Saleh Ashamlani
creator: Fawziah Tahoos Mubarak Alghamdi
creator: Walaa Yahya Ali Muidh
creator: Hamad Mohaimeed Hamad Alotaibi
creator: Abdullah Hamood Alazmy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Matar Alshammari, Nouf Alobaid Salem Alanazi, Shuruq Kaseb Ashwi Alanazi, Maali Munawir Alrashdi, Wgdan Sauod Alanzi, Ruwayda Hamed Yahya Sughayyir, Noura Jaber Al-Asmari, Duaa Mohammed Alithan, Khulud Saleh Ashamlani, Fawziah Tahoos Mubarak Alghamdi, Walaa Yahya Ali Muidh, Hamad Mohaimeed Hamad Alotaibi, Abdullah Hamood Alazmy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 447
ending page: 458
doi: 10.64483/20252235

The Second Victim Experience of Nurses Involved in Medical Mistakes: Systematic Review of Referral Processes, Feasibility, and Effectiveness
type: item
description: Background: The second victim syndrome is the intense emotional and professional damage caused to nurses by medical mistakes, but supporting mechanisms, particularly referral processes, are rudimentary. Aim: This review synthesizes evidence concerning referral processes among second victim nurses, examining their feasibility, limitations, and innovations to inform fair and effective support interventions. Methods: An integrative review was conducted searching PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2025) for peer-reviewed articles on second victim nurses. Forty sources, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies, were reviewed for themes of referral mechanisms, using thematic analysis and Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal instruments. Results: Referral automation happens in a mere 18% of organizations, with low awareness (74.8% unfamiliarity) and stigma as points of hindrance. Active models like MUHC's pager system and coordinated pathways bring rise to uptake, while innovations like the Talk to Me program achieve 100% uptake. Virtual programs externally (e.g., YANA) are 80% possible in under-resourced settings. Conclusion: Proactive, just culture-based referral systems are crucial to enabling second victim nurses, preventing distress, and enhancing patient safety.
creator: Sanaa Nasser Abuallah
creator: Rana Shoai Ali Hady
creator: Reem Shoue Ali Hadi
creator: Aisha Ali Yahia Dahish
creator: Nazekh Mohammed Ibrahim Aqeel
creator: Weaam Ali Abkar Khalil
creator: Badriah Saleh Colaib Jawhar
creator: Halima Muhammad Ali Hakami
creator: Sarah Mohammed Ali Hakami
creator: Ishraq Yahya Mohammed Asiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sanaa Nasser Abuallah, Rana Shoai Ali Hady, Reem Shoue Ali Hadi, Aisha Ali Yahia Dahish, Nazekh Mohammed Ibrahim Aqeel, Weaam Ali Abkar Khalil , Badriah Saleh Colaib Jawhar, Halima Muhammad Ali Hakami, Sarah Mohammed Ali Hakami, Ishraq Yahya Mohammed Asiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 459
ending page: 466
doi: 10.64483/20252236

Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Auditable and Privacy-Friendly Data Exchange in Teleradiology Networks
type: item
description: Background: Teleradiology, distant transmission and interpretation of medical images, has revolutionized healthcare by increasing diagnostic availability, particularly in underserved communities. However, its digital platform is vulnerable to threats of data breaches and invasions of privacy, with healthcare data breaches costing $2.1 million per breach in 2015. Aim: This review aims to address the history of safe data transmission and privacy protection in teleradiology, particularly through technological advancements, regulatory settings, ethical considerations, and challenges. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, and articles were fetched from PubMed, Scopus, IEEE, and ACM Digital Library. Keywords used were "teleradiology," "secure data exchange," and "privacy." Two tables of principal technologies and regulatory frameworks are given. Results: Advances in encryption, blockchain, AI, and IoMT provide security, but scalability, computational complexity, and regulation gaps pose obstacles. Ethical issues, including patient autonomy and trust, remain paramount. Case studies demonstrate that blockchain and AI are reducing tampering and data breaches. Conclusion: Security in teleradiology requires hybrid models, global regulatory harmonization, and patient-centric privacy frameworks to serve the requirements of access and protection. Scalability and equity must be tackled in future studies.
creator: Abdulelah Hassan Alhathiq
creator: Abdullah Ahmed Rayyani
creator: Mohammed Nasser Khawaji
creator: Jebril Mohammed Mabuj
creator: Akram Hadi Radwan
creator: Lama Nasser Aloraini
creator: Amjad Rashed Alorf
creator: Heba Saad Alarifi
creator: Sami Abdulaziz Alhuwaimel
creator: Lina Abdulaziz Alrashed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulelah Hassan Alhathiq, Abdullah Ahmed Rayyani, Mohammed Nasser Khawaji, Jebril Mohammed Mabuj , Akram Hadi Radwan, Lama Nasser Aloraini, Amjad Rashed Alorf, Heba Saad Alarifi, Sami Abdulaziz Alhuwaimel, Lina Abdulaziz Alrashed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 467
ending page: 474
doi: 10.64483/jmph-137

Interdisciplinary Management of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection: Integrating Medical Treatment, Nursing Care, and Health Information Systems
type: item
description: Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing two distinct clinical entities: primary infection (chickenpox) and reactivation (herpes zoster). While often self-limiting in healthy children, VZV poses significant risks of severe complications in adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women, leading to hospitalizations and mortality. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary review of VZV management, integrating perspectives from medical treatment, nursing care, and health information systems to optimize patient outcomes and public health control. Methods: The approach is a synthesis of current clinical guidelines and literature. It details diagnostic methods (clinical assessment, PCR, serology), medical management (antiviral therapy, symptomatic care), and public health strategies (isolation, vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis). The role of nursing in patient education and supportive care, alongside the contribution of health information systems to surveillance and coordination, is emphasized. Results: Effective management hinges on risk stratification. Supportive care suffices for immunocompetent children, whereas early antiviral therapy (e.g., acyclovir) is critical for high-risk groups. Vaccination has dramatically reduced disease incidence and severity. Post-exposure prophylaxis with varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) or vaccination can prevent or modify disease. Nursing care is vital for symptom relief and preventing complications like bacterial superinfection. Conclusion: A successful approach to VZV requires a coordinated, interprofessional model. Integrating timely medical intervention, dedicated nursing support, and robust health information systems is essential for reducing transmission, managing complications, and improving individual and population health outcomes.
creator: Masheal masoud alyami
creator: Zainab Mohammed yahya Mobarki
creator: Amnah Mohammed yahya Mobarki
creator: Haila Hussain Alshaiban
creator: Amna Aziz Al-Subaie
creator: Maryam Mohammed Alnaji
creator: Maryam Ali yahya jarah
creator: Afiyah Mousa Ahmed Tawashi
creator: Hanan Mohammed Sharahili
creator: Sultan Mohammad Alkafif
creator: ‏Abdullah Hamoud Almuayli
creator: Abdullah Ibrahim Saleh ALburaidi
creator: Amany Modhaya Ali Omair
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Masheal masoud alyami, Zainab Mohammed yahya Mobarki, Amnah Mohammed yahya Mobarki, Haila Hussain Alshaiban, Amna Aziz Al-Subaie, Maryam Mohammed Alnaji, Maryam Ali yahya jarah, Afiyah Mousa Ahmed Tawashi, Hanan Mohammed Sharahili, Sultan Mohammad Alkafif, ‏Abdullah Hamoud Almuayli, Abdullah Ibrahim Saleh ALburaidi, Amany Modhaya Ali Omair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 475
ending page: 486
doi: 10.64483/20252238

Integrated Rehabilitation and Nursing Management of Cervical Radiculopathy: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
type: item
description: Background: Cervical radiculopathy is a common condition caused by compression or inflammation of a cervical nerve root, leading to radicular pain, sensory disturbances, and motor weakness in the upper limb. It represents a significant source of disability and work absenteeism, with its etiology shifting from acute disc herniation in younger adults to spondylotic foraminal stenosis in older populations. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview of the diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation of cervical radiculopathy, synthesizing perspectives from medicine, nursing, and physical therapy to guide evidence-based, patient-centered care. Methods: The approach is a synthesis of current clinical guidelines and literature. It details standardized diagnostic procedures, including clinical history, physical examination (e.g., Spurling's test), and confirmatory imaging (MRI) and electrodiagnostic studies. Management strategies are reviewed, encompassing conservative care (pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, injections) and surgical interventions (anterior discectomy and fusion, posterior foraminotomy). Results: The majority of patients with cervical radiculopathy experience favorable outcomes with conservative management, with many achieving functional recovery within months. For those with refractory symptoms or progressive neurologic deficits, surgical decompression provides more rapid pain relief and functional improvement. Effective outcomes depend on a coordinated, interprofessional approach that integrates accurate diagnosis, staged therapeutic interventions, and structured rehabilitation. Conclusion: Successful management of cervical radiculopathy hinges on a multidisciplinary model that prioritizes non-operative care initially and reserves surgery for specific indications. A team-based strategy, combining medical treatment, skilled nursing, and targeted rehabilitation, is essential for optimizing patient recovery, function, and lon…
creator: Abdulrahman Mohammed Hakami
creator: Saleh Mohammed Alotaibi
creator: Dina Hamza M Farsi
creator: Bader Mahmoud Alamri
creator: Raheem Mohammed A Alhazmi
creator: Reed Abdullah Abdu Barkat
creator: Amani Mazyad Almutairi
creator: Turki Ghazi Turki Alotaibi
creator: Norah Mesfer Alqahtani
creator: Huda Daifallah Al Saadi
creator: Faisal Abdullah Al Faisal
creator: Nasser Abdullah D Alkhurayyif
creator: Abdulaziz Ibrahim M Alfaisal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman Mohammed Hakami, Saleh Mohammed Alotaibi, Dina Hamza M Farsi , Bader Mahmoud Alamri, Raheem Mohammed A Alhazmi, Reed Abdullah Abdu Barkat , Amani Mazyad Almutairi, Turki Ghazi Turki Alotaibi, Norah Mesfer Alqahtani, Huda Daifallah Al Saadi, Faisal Abdullah Al Faisal, Nasser Abdullah D Alkhurayyif, Abdulaziz Ibrahim M Alfaisal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 487
ending page: 501
doi: 10.64483/20252239

Integrated Nursing, Nutritional, and Health Information Perspectives on Folic Acid Deficiency: An Updated Review
type: item
description: Background: Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a water-soluble micronutrient essential for DNA synthesis, erythropoiesis, and one-carbon metabolism. Deficiency disrupts these processes, leading to clinical consequences such as megaloblastic anemia, elevated homocysteine levels, and, critically, neural tube defects (NTDs) in developing fetuses. Despite public health measures like food fortification, deficiency remains a significant global health concern, particularly in vulnerable populations. Aim: This review aims to provide an integrated, multidisciplinary perspective on folic acid deficiency, synthesizing its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies from nursing, nutritional, and medical viewpoints to guide comprehensive patient care and public health initiatives. Methods: The approach is a comprehensive literature review and clinical synthesis. It details the diagnostic evaluation, including clinical assessment, complete blood count analysis, and biochemical testing (serum/red blood cell folate, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid levels). Management strategies, from oral and parenteral supplementation to dietary modification and public health fortification, are examined. Results: Folic acid deficiency has a multifactorial etiology, including inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, medications, and increased physiological demand. Diagnosis is confirmed through characteristic macrocytic anemia and low folate levels. Treatment with oral folic acid (1-5 mg/day) is highly effective, leading to hematological recovery within weeks. Public health fortification programs have successfully reduced the prevalence of deficiency and NTDs in many countries. Conclusion: A collaborative, interprofessional approach is fundamental to the effective prevention, diagnosis, and management of folic acid deficiency. Integrating medical treatment, nursing care, nutritional counseling, and public health strategies is essential to mitigate its hema…
creator: Zahra Mohammed Marwaie Khobrani
creator: Khalid Muaybid Mohammed Alharbi
creator: Abrar Mohammed Alanzi
creator: Mutaib Abdulrahman Mukhlid Alotaibi
creator: Saad Hazzaa Gazi Aljsh
creator: Mohammed Ali Aldahmali
creator: Jamilah Shutayt M Alharbi
creator: ‏Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi
creator: Ibrahim Ataya Ali ALzubudie
creator: Abdulrhman Mohmmed Al Sahli
creator: Abdullah Nuwaysh Saud Alotaibi
creator: Abdullah Ghanem Almutairi
creator: Abdulrahman Saud Mohammad Al Sulaiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Mohammed Marwaie Khobrani, Khalid Muaybid Mohammed Alharbi, Abrar Mohammed Alanzi, Mutaib Abdulrahman Mukhlid Alotaibi, Saad Hazzaa Gazi Aljsh, Mohammed Ali Aldahmali, Jamilah Shutayt M Alharbi, ‏Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi, Ibrahim Ataya Ali ALzubudie , Abdulrhman Mohmmed Al Sahli, Abdullah Nuwaysh Saud Alotaibi, Abdullah Ghanem Almutairi, Abdulrahman Saud Mohammad Al Sulaiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 502
ending page: 517
doi: 10.64483/20252240

Micro-Credentials and Skill-Based Stacking in Nursing: A Narrative Review
type: item
description: Background: The nursing profession is faced with new challenges that have never been seen before, including workforce shortages, technological advances, and demands for advanced skills. Traditional degree programs are slow to respond to these shifting needs at such a fast rate, so micro-credentials—short, competency-based certificates—are arising, and skill-based stacking, which layers the credentials into modular career tracks, is underway. Aim: The objective of this review is to synthesize the role of micro-credentials and skill-stacking in nursing education, their application, benefits, drawbacks, and future uses. Methods: A narrative review was undertaken comparing peer-reviewed papers (2018–2025) published in PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Sources were selected for relevance to nursing education, workforce development, and credentialing, with a focus on stakeholder perspectives, empirical evidence, and global trends. Results: Micro-credentials build clinical expertise (e.g., 15% reduced mortality by sepsis training) and employability (90% employer preference), and stacking raises earnings by 89% in five years. Challenges are inconsistency regarding terms utilized (45% of research), low employer validation (40% skepticism), and access limitation for rural nurses (22% stacking rate). AI and VR technologies hold scalability potential but need ethical governance. Conclusion: Micro-credentials and stacking offer equitable, flexible solutions to nursing shortages, requiring standardization and policy support to realize their full impact.
creator: Asma Khulaif Almutairi
creator: Hanan Awad Alshahrany
creator: Fatma Ali Alhaqab
creator: Reem Mansour Alqurshi
creator: Amal Khalaf Alanazi
creator: Ramdaa Khulaif Almutairi
creator: Saleh Salem ALjeri
creator: Fatima Saleh Hassan Alshmimri
creator: Fatimah Manaour Altowairqi
creator: Ahmed Naji Alsahabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Khulaif Almutairi, Hanan Awad Alshahrany, Fatma Ali Alhaqab, Reem Mansour Alqurshi, Amal Khalaf Alanazi, Ramdaa Khulaif Almutairi, Saleh Salem ALjeri , Fatima Saleh Hassan Alshmimri, Fatimah Manaour Altowairqi, Ahmed Naji Alsahabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 518
ending page: 525
doi: 10.64483/20252241

Assess the application of Jojoba seed coating in the fabrication of silver nanoparticles and their subsequent utilization as antibacterial agents
type: item
description: Green synthesis is a method that uses plant waste to produce nanoparticles that is environmentally beneficial. It reduces plant waste and eschews the harsh chemicals frequently utilized in the typical manufacture of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are generally thought to be less hazardous than those that are created chemically. green silver nanoparticles exhibit potential as antibacterial agents. They can potentially fight against numerous disease-causing bacteria, helping to public health. In this study, extract from jojoba seed coat (JSC) was used to create green silver nanoparticles thenThe potent chemical components were identified by identifying the active chemicals and groups in the generated materials and characterization of the nanoparticles using FTIR and a GC-Mass. After that, the nanoparticles were investigated and clarified utilizing TEM, Zeta potential, FTIR, and EDX equipment.
creator: Mohammed Ahmed Ali Elshaer
creator: Yasmeen A. Hasanien
creator: Mervat Mostafa Abdel Mageed
creator: Abd-elfattah Darwish
creator: Mohamed Awad Mahmoud Abd-Elraheem
creator: Loay Hassan Jubran
creator: Mohammed Abdullah Safar Alamri
creator: Mead Mohammed Al masalm
creator: Aishah Ali Ahmed
creator: Khulud Mohammed Asiri
creator: Fatima Abdullah Alamri
creator: Aisha Abdullah Safar Alamri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ahmed Ali Elshaer, Yasmeen A. Hasanien, Mervat Mostafa Abdel Mageed, Abd-elfattah Darwish, Mohamed Awad Mahmoud Abd-Elraheem, Loay Hassan Jubran, Mohammed Abdullah Safar Alamri, Mead Mohammed Al masalm, Aishah Ali Ahmed, Khulud Mohammed Asiri, Fatima Abdullah Alamri, Aisha Abdullah Safar Alamri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-18
publication date: 2025-10-18
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 526
ending page: 535
doi: 10.64483/20252242

Perioral Dermatitis: Clinical Considerations for Dental, Pharmacy, and Nursing Professionals
type: item
description: Background: Perioral dermatitis is a common inflammatory facial dermatosis, clinically characterized by erythematous papules and pustules distributed around the mouth, nose, and eyes. It predominantly affects young adult females and is frequently linked to the use of topical corticosteroids, which can initiate a cycle of steroid dependence and rebound flares. The condition's multifactorial etiology also involves other triggers like fluorinated toothpaste, occlusive cosmetics, and skincare products. Aim: This article aims to synthesize the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of perioral dermatitis for an interprofessional audience, including dental, pharmacy, and nursing professionals. The goal is to enhance recognition, promote trigger identification, and guide effective, steroid-sparing treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive review of the condition is presented, covering its clinical features, histopathology, and epidemiology. Diagnostic approaches based on morphology and exposure history are detailed, alongside a systematic overview of management strategies, including topical and oral therapies, with a strong emphasis on corticosteroid cessation and trigger avoidance. Results: The cornerstone of management is the immediate discontinuation of all facial corticosteroids, often requiring a structured taper to mitigate rebound flares. First-line therapies include topical metronidazole, calcineurin inhibitors, and azelaic acid. For moderate-to-severe cases, oral tetracyclines are highly effective. Adjunctive measures, such as simplifying skincare routines and substituting potential irritants, are critical for achieving and maintaining remission. Conclusion: Perioral dermatitis is a frequently mismanaged condition that requires a coordinated, interprofessional approach. Successful outcomes depend on accurate clinical diagnosis, patient education trigger avoidance, and the consistent application of steroid-sparing th…
creator: Ayman Mohammed Taher Al Tayeb
creator: Asim Jabril Hawbani
creator: Khalid Ahmed Mosa Alameer
creator: Hossam Mohammed Rayyani
creator: Amna Yahya Ali Darraj
creator: Areej Mohammed Darraj
creator: Muhannad Khalid Ahmed Many
creator: Noor Alhuda Abdulrahman Alahdal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ahmed Ali Elshaer, Yasmeen A. Hasanien, Mervat Mostafa Abdel Mageed, Amira Abd-elfattah Darwish, Mohamed Awad Mahmoud Abd-Elraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 536
ending page: 545
doi: 10.64483/20252243

Emergency Management of Febrile Seizures: Clinical Assessment and First Aid Interventions in Prehospital and Emergency Settings
type: item
description: Background: Febrile seizures are the most common neurological disorder in early childhood, affecting children between 6 months and 5 years of age. They are convulsive events associated with a fever, distinct from intracranial infections or pre-existing epilepsy, and while generally benign, they are a frequent cause of caregiver anxiety and emergency department visits. Aim: This article aims to outline the evidence-based clinical approach to febrile seizures, focusing on accurate diagnosis, acute management, and appropriate diagnostic workup to distinguish simple from complex presentations and rule out serious underlying conditions. Methods: A comprehensive review of the etiology, pathophysiology, and classification of febrile seizures is presented. The evaluation and management strategies are detailed, emphasizing a thorough history and physical examination to guide selective use of diagnostic tests such as lumbar puncture, electroencephalogram (EEG), and neuroimaging. First-line pharmacological interventions for prolonged seizures are also discussed. Results: The majority of febrile seizures are simple, self-limited, and require no specific treatment beyond identifying and managing the underlying febrile illness. Complex febrile seizures (prolonged, focal, or recurrent within 24 hours) warrant a more extensive evaluation to exclude serious pathologies like meningitis or structural abnormalities. Rescue benzodiazepines are effective for aborting prolonged seizures in prehospital and emergency settings. Conclusion: The management of febrile seizures is primarily supportive and focused on reassurance. A structured, interprofessional approach ensures safe, effective care, minimizes unnecessary interventions, and provides crucial education to caregivers.
creator: Mohammad Ageel Hassan Alghamdi
creator: Emad Mohammad Salem Alqarni
creator: Abdullh Othman Ahmad Alghamdi
creator: Khaled Ahmad Eisi Khormi
creator: Ahmad Amer Ahmad Al Shehri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Ageel Hassan Alghamdi, Emad Mohammad Salem Alqarni, Abdullh Othman Ahmad Alghamdi, Khaled Ahmad Eisi Khormi, Ahmad Amer Ahmad Al Shehri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 546
ending page: 557
doi: 10.64483/20252244

Relationship between patient satisfaction with nursing services and health awareness levels
type: item
description: Patient satisfaction and health awareness are necessary pointers of quality healthcare, especially in nursing services where direct contact with patients is common. The study will examine the connection between patient satisfaction with nursing care and the degree of health awareness of patients. It also looks into the impacts of effective communication, empathy, cultural sensitivity, patient education and hospital environment in patient perceptions and health behaviors. Good health awareness helps patients to manage their health conditions, take prescription and do preventive measures, which increase patient satisfaction and confidence in nursing services. Health education programs and awareness campaigns conducted by the nurse are vital in enhancing patient knowledge, empowerment of self-management of chronic diseases, and proactive health behavior. The results also indicate that incorporating health literacy in nursing practice does not only enhance patient satisfaction, but also improves health outcomes. The Interplay between nursing services and patient health awareness is a vital understanding which is necessary to provide patient-centered care, enhance compliance to treatment, and create successful health promotion models.
creator: Noran Mohammed Alghamdi
creator: Nadyah Khalaf Safi Alanazi
creator: Dalal Khalaf Safi Alanazi
creator: Ghadeer Hemaidan Altalhi
creator: Alanoud Salman Alshalawi
creator: Ghadah Mousa Naseeb
creator: Mona Awadh Alanazi
creator: Fatimah Tuwaileh Almasoudi
creator: Najla Awadh Sattam Alanazi
creator: Amirah Oudah Alanazi
creator: Zaina zaki Almohammed
creator: Fatmah Ali Khrami
creator: Bader Majed Alotaibi
creator: Ilham Muhammad Albalawi
creator: Ramzi Hasan Al hamad
creator: Aseel Hasson Alhasson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Noran Mohammed Alghamdi, Nadyah Khalaf Safi Alanazi, Dalal Khalaf Safi Alanazi, Ghadeer Hemaidan Altalhi, Alanoud Salman Alshalawi, Ghadah Mousa Naseeb, Mona Awadh Alanazi, Fatimah Tuwaileh Almasoudi, Najla Awadh Sattam Alanazi, Amirah Oudah Alanazi, Zaina zaki Almohammed, Fatmah Ali Khrami, Bader Majed Alotaibi, Ilham Muhammad Albalawi, Ramzi Hasan Al hamad, Aseel Hasson Alhasson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 558
ending page: 568
doi: 10.64483/20252245

The Progress in Imaging Technologies and Implications for Nursing Practice: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: The recent years have seen revolutionary advancements in medical imaging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), and hybrid imaging modalities like PET/MRI. These technologies have transformed diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. These technologies provide unprecedented functional and molecular information, with new implications for clinical care beyond traditional radiology. Aim: The aim of this review is to synthesize the literature from 2015 through 2025 to explore how these imaging technology advances are redefining nursing roles, responsibilities, and competencies. Methods: A Systematic literature review from 2015 through 2025 was conducted. The reviews were evaluated to assess the implications of the emerging imaging technologies for nursing practice within various clinical settings. Results: The outcome reflects a paradigm change for the nursing practice from a passive taker of imaging data to an active participant in the imaging cycle. Key implications are the increased responsibility in patient preparation for complex scans, intra-procedural surveillance, bedside data interpretation by POCUS, and the management of clinical alerts based on AI. Such development involves significant educational demands and ethical concerns of data privacy and accountability of algorithms. Conclusion: Advanced imaging technologies are irreversibly transforming nursing practice, demanding an innovative approach. To ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes, the profession must develop standardized curricula for education, foster robust interprofessional relationships, and establish explicit competency frameworks and policies to support nurses in this high-technology practice environment.
creator: Mohammad Abdrabalhabeeb Salm Lahmadi
creator: Fahad Mohmmed Saead Alqhtani
creator: Suad Mubarak Mohammed Aldossary
creator: Saleh Ashway Nahar Alshammari
creator: Hisham Saleh Zidan
creator: Khaled Lafi Mansi Al Dhafiri
creator: Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery
creator: Badrea Asri Alenazy
creator: Hussain Kadhem S Al Shuwaish
creator: Anwar Mohammed Alsharedi
creator: Nawal Ali Ali Awaji
creator: Fahad Obaidallah Ataallah Alreshidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abdrabalhabeeb Salm Lahmadi, Fahad Mohmmed Saead Alqhtani, Suad Mubarak Mohammed Aldossary, Saleh Ashway Nahar Alshammari, Hisham Saleh Zidan, Khaled Lafi Mansi Al Dhafiri, Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery, Badrea Asri Alenazy, Hussain Kadhem S Al Shuwaish, Anwar Mohammed Alsharedi, Nawal Ali Ali Awaji, Fahad Obaidallah Ataallah Alreshidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 560
ending page: 567
doi: 10.64483/20252246

Oral Health Considerations for Patients With Systemic Diseases: Implications for Dental and Nursing Practice
type: item
description: Background: The demographic shift towards an aging population retaining more teeth, combined with a rising prevalence of chronic systemic diseases, means dental practitioners increasingly treat medically complex patients. This necessitates a move beyond routine care to a model that rigorously accounts for systemic health. Aim: This article aims to delineate the critical considerations and protocols required for the safe and effective delivery of dental care to patients with systemic diseases, emphasizing a collaborative, interprofessional approach between dental and nursing professionals. Methods: The approach involves a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence and guidelines. It advocates for a structured process integrating meticulous medical history-taking, medication reconciliation, and patient-specific risk stratification using tools like the ASA classification and Charlson Comorbidity Index. The methods highlight the need to interpret how conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunosuppression interact with dental procedures. Results: The analysis confirms that even minor dental interventions can precipitate significant systemic consequences in vulnerable patients. Key findings provide specific guidance on managing patients with hypertension, coagulopathies, and those undergoing cancer therapy or taking medications like antiresorptives and immunosuppressants. Successful outcomes are shown to depend on interdisciplinary coordination, robust local hemostasis, and staged care to avoid interrupting essential medical therapies. Conclusion: Safe dental care for medically complex patients is achievable through a dynamic, patient-centered model grounded in comprehensive assessment, evidence-based risk mitigation, and seamless collaboration between dentists, nurses, and physicians.
creator: Sultan Mohammed Alamri
creator: Malak Khalid Alharthi
creator: Nawal Jubran Salawi
creator: Mansour Awad Mulhaq Alotaibi
creator: Moatsem Eid Saleh Alsenani
creator: Abdulrahman Saud Mohammed Al Suliman
creator: Lama Khaled Al-Zaini
creator: May Ayed Alanazi
creator: Hanan Salah Almutairi
creator: Noura Mohammed Alshahrani
creator: Maha Nasser Alwasel
creator: Sarah Ali Ibrahim Hakami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sultan Mohammed Alamri, Malak Khalid Alharthi, Nawal Jubran Salawi, Mansour Awad Mulhaq Alotaibi, Moatsem Eid Saleh Alsenani, Abdulrahman Saud Mohammed Al Suliman, Lama Khaled Al-Zaini, May Ayed Alanazi, Hanan Salah Almutairi, Noura Mohammed Alshahrani, Maha Nasser Alwasel, Sarah Ali Ibrahim Hakami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 568
ending page: 582
doi: 10.64483/20252247

The Interface of Nutrition and Immunity: An in-depth look at nutritional interventions for the oncology patient receiving immunotherapy
type: item
description: Background: Immunotherapy, as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized oncology by taking advantage of the patient's native immune system to combat cancer. Although responses are heterogeneous, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can limit treatment benefit and decrease quality of life. A growing appreciation is arising that host factors, including nutritional status and diet, play an important role in determining the immune response and tumor microenvironment. Aim: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence relating to nutritional strategies in cancer immunotherapy patients. It considers the ruinous role of malnutrition (cachexia) in clinical outcomes, reviews the mechanisms by which particular dietary components influence anti-tumor immunity and treatment side effects, and provides a model for the practical assessment and management of nutritional deficits. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through the utilization of leading scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) to identify preclinical, clinical, and review articles published up to 2024. Search terms were permutations of "immunotherapy," "immune checkpoint inhibitors," "nutrition," "diet," "cachexia," "microbiome," and "immune-related adverse events." The evidence was synthesized to provide a narrative review of the existing literature. Results: There is evidence that indicates that sarcopenia and malnutrition have a close correlation with poorer efficacy of ICI and increased toxicity. Individual nutritional interventions are promising for modulating outcomes: adequate consumption of good-quality protein is crucial for the avoidance of muscle wasting and immune function maintenance; dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects and preserve a healthy gut microbiome; the Mediterranean diet and vegetarian dietary patterns are related to improved survival; and micronutrients like Vitamin D hav…
creator: Saad Laiban B Al Rowaili
creator: Ali Saeed Al Alshiak
creator: Abdullah Esse Al khamis
creator: Adel Abdullah Al Shggag
creator: Eman Ghannam Alotaibi
creator: Maha Shreedah Alenazi
creator: Dalal Mohmmed Al-Dosiry
creator: Azhar Ali Albdiawy
creator: Mohammed Ibrahim A Alrajal
creator: Abdullatif Abdulrhman Alsaeed
creator: Fatimah Saeed Alyagoub
creator: Dhaha Hassan Al-Saffar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Laiban B Al Rowaili, Ali Saeed Al Alshiak, Abdullah Esse Al khamis, Adel Abdullah Al Shggag, Eman Ghannam Alotaibi, Maha Shreedah Alenazi, Dalal Mohmmed Al-Dosiry, Azhar Ali Albdiawy, Mohammed Ibrahim A Alrajal, Abdullatif Abdulrhman Alsaeed, Fatimah Saeed Alyagoub, Dhaha Hassan Al-Saffar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 569
ending page: 577
doi: 10.64483/jmph-155

A Systematic Review of Post-Fall Care: Developing an Integrated Continuum from Medical Assessment to Functional Rehabilitation
type: item
description: Background: Falls in older adults are a frequent global health occurrence, a sign of physiologic failure, and lead to injury, functional decline, fear of falling, and death. In spite of prevention measures, postfall care is often fragmented, focusing on the management of injury and neglect of etiology. Aim: This review aggregates current evidence to propose a standardized, patient-centered plan for comprehensive post-fall care aimed at addressing gaps in care from the time of initial response through long-term restoration of function. Methods: A narrative review of recent literature (2025) was conducted to summarize and synthesize evidence on the components of an optimal post-fall pathway, including initial assessment, interdisciplinary study, and rehabilitation strategies. Results: The results present an uninterrupted, five-step process: 1) Initial nurse response and triage; 2) Complete medical workup to determine etiology; 3) Interdisciplinary care planning; 4) Restoration of function through physical and occupational therapy; and 5) Secondary prevention and transition planning. This model emphasizes the key roles of all health care professionals in creating a unitary care continuum. Conclusion: This integrated, multidisciplinary practice can transform a fall from an incident to an opportunity for holistic assessment, proactive prevention of subsequent risk, preservation of patient autonomy, and improvement in quality of life.
creator: Sumaiah Abdullrhman Hassan Al-Saloli
creator: Fatimah Fahad Alnasser
creator: Fahad Hasil Alasmari
creator: ‏Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi
creator: Mona Mohammed Alanazi
creator: Eman Mohsen Yahya Zabr
creator: Abdullah Sultan M Alsahli
creator: Abdullah Hamoud Mohammed Almazyad
creator: Abduaziz Rashed Zaid Bin Gannam
creator: Nasser Faleh M Alghatani
creator: Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery
creator: Tahani Rashed Awad Alruwaili
creator: Naif Saad Alsahla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sumaiah Abdullrhman Hassan Al-Saloli, Fatimah Fahad Alnasser, Fahad Hasil Alasmari, ‏Mohammad Ayed H Alenizi, Mona Mohammed Alanazi, Eman Mohsen Yahya Zabr, Abdullah Sultan M Alsahli, Abdullah Hamoud Mohammed Almazyad, Abduaziz Rashed Zaid Bin Gannam, Nasser Faleh M Alghatani, Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery, Tahani Rashed Awad Alruwaili, Naif Saad Alsahla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 578
ending page: 591
doi: 10.64483/20252249

The Role of Community Health Nurses in Promoting Maternal and Child
type: item
description: Maternal and child health (MCH) is one of the pillars of health in the population, as it demonstrates the health status and progress of the nation. Community health nurses have a crucial role in MCH promotion by offering preventive health care, health education and by providing direct services to people on the grassroots level. The study aims to address the topic of The Role of Community Health Nurses in Promoting Maternal and Child Health by delving into their roles, issues, and input into the functioning of the systems of public health, The paper explains the history and importance of MCH, what is meant by community health nursing and the history of the nursing practice in the community. It emphasizes the critical functions of community health nurses in health promotion, disease prevention, prenatal and postnatal care, immunization, nutrition surveillance, and family based intervention. Moreover, it examines the international and regional issues influencing MCH and determines the obstacles to the efficiency of nurses including the lack of resources, cultural factors, and policy restrictions. The importance of ethical considerations, cultural sensitivity, and interprofessional cooperation are highlighted as some of the major aspects of effective community nursing. The role of health policies, evidence-based practice integration, and modern innovations, including telehealth, mobile health technology, and other innovations, that have revolutionized community care, are also discussed in the paper, the study gives recommendations and future goals of improving MCH by creating better infrastructure, ongoing training of nurses and fair health policies. The results highlight how the provision of appropriate resources, education, and support to community health nurses can help considerably decrease maternal and child morbidity and mortality. To enhance their contribution will thus be crucial in attaining universal health cover and creating healthier and more resilient socie…
creator: Ali Khalid Abdullah Bin Nashar
creator: Thahab Ahmed Mohamed Hanan
creator: Mohammad Muslah Alshaibani
creator: Hadiah Qari Awaji
creator: Afnan Naseer Knadiry
creator: Salman Ibrahim Alomran
creator: Fatimah Essa Alonayzan
creator: Mona Tobean Rasheed Alrwili
creator: Ehab Ali Hussin Jubran
creator: Ghada Ali Albeladi
creator: Majed Abdullah Salem Altarfan
creator: Rana Ayash Al Hmadi
creator: Mamdouh Ramadan Alenazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Khalid Abdullah Bin Nashar, Thahab Ahmed Mohamed Hanan, Mohammad Muslah Alshaibani, Hadiah Qari Awaji, Afnan Naseer Knadiry, Salman Ibrahim Alomran, Fatimah Essa Alonayzan, Mona Tobean Rasheed Alrwili, Ehab Ali Hussin Jubran, Ghada Ali Albeladi, Majed Abdullah Salem Altarfan, Rana Ayash Al Hmadi , Mamdouh Ramadan Alenazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 583
ending page: 595
doi: 10.64483/20252250

The "Warm Handoff" Protocol: Systematic Review of Training to Support Effective Transfers of Care between the Emergency Department and Primary Care
type: item
description: Background: Emergency Department-to-primary-care handoff is a high-risk time for breakdown in communication. Asynchronous, written traditional practice, such as instructions, frequently leads to loss of information, threatening patient safety and continuity of care. "Warm Handoff" is a structured, synchronous, verbal handover between clinicians that can be the answer to this critical gap. Aim: The present systematic review synthesizes the current evidence base (2015-2025) on standardized communication training programs for preparing ED nurses and physicians with the skills required to execute effective warm handoffs directly to clinic-based teams. Methods: Recent literature was reviewed to examine the critical components of successful training curricula, evaluate their impact on patient, provider, and system outcomes, and identify the most significant implementation challenges and facilitators. Results: Formal warm handoff training has been shown through evidence to effectively reduce communication errors, improve patient satisfaction and follow-up compliance, decrease unnecessary ED recidivism, and enhance professional satisfaction among both primary and ED staff. However, implementation is threatened by workflow integration, technical support, and interprofessional hierarchies. Conclusion: Universal adoption and standardization of warm handoff training protocols are essential to building a safer, more reliable, and patient-centered healthcare system, as high as there are significant implementation challenges.
creator: Abduallah Mohameed Huseen Ayashi
creator: Moayed Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni
creator: Ahlam Mohammed Mose Hakamie
creator: Feras Abdullah Al-Fardan
creator: Ahmad Hassan Albashrawi
creator: Mohammad Jaffar Al Rumaih
creator: Eisa Jafar Morabit
creator: Hassan Mohammed Al Ramadan
creator: Asim Ibrahim Ali Moafa
creator: Shahad Jabbari
creator: Sultan Badah Alharbi
creator: Ishaq Rubayyi Mukhlef Alhazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abduallah Mohameed Huseen Ayashi, Moayed Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni, Ahlam Mohammed Mose Hakamie, Feras Abdullah Al-Fardan, Ahmad Hassan Albashrawi, Mohammad Jaffar Al Rumaih, Eisa Jafar Morabit, Hassan Mohammed Al Ramadan, Asim Ibrahim Ali Moafa, Shahad Jabbari, Sultan Badah Alharbi, Ishaq Rubayyi Mukhlef Alhazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 592
ending page: 599
doi: 10.64483/20252251

Outcomes of Levofloxacin-Based Regimens in Adults With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring ICU Admission: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort From Jazan, Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: Background Levofloxacin is widely used in combination regimens for severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the ICU; however, real-world outcome data from resource-limited settings remain scarce. Objective: To evaluate 28-day mortality and key clinical/safety outcomes among adults with severe CAP requiring ICU admission who received levofloxacin-based regimens at Abu-Arish General Hospital. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study that examined patient data captured through an electronic medical system at the Abu Arish General Hospital between 2021 and 2022 (Single‑center retrospective cohort (dates), Abu‑Arish General Hospital ICU). We used the repeated measures ANCOVA to investigate the effect of Levofloxacin on a wide range of medical parameters. Data analysis was performed with SPSS statistics (Version 25). Results A total of 93 patients were included in this study. The study examined the impact of levofloxacin on various medical parameters, including age, weight, height, BMI, initial dosage, comorbid diseases and sex. The adjusted mean differences between before and after Levofloxacin administration revealed significant changes in a variety of medical parameters, including hepatic markers and hematologic indices. Conclusion Levofloxacin therapy can produce change in baseline clinical characteristics of critical ill patients in the intensive care unit. We need to investigate the tolerability of this therapy in terms the severity of side effects on a large sample of the critically ill patients in the future. This study will allow healthcare providers to give better care to these patients.
creator: Ahmed Hakami
creator: Amnah Numan
creator: Shoroog Obaidullah
creator: Shahad Numan
creator: Ahmad Alharbi
creator: Hanan Hakami
creator: Hanan Bakri
creator: Nawal Hakami
creator: Mousa Zamili
creator: Abdulmajeed Alanazi
creator: Munif Ayyashi
creator: Ali Mohammed Qassim Hazzazi
creator: Bashaer Abdullah Hakami
creator: Yahya Jaber Hazazi
creator: Rami Almalki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hakami, Amnah Numan, Shoroog Obaidullah, Shahad Numan, Ahmad Alharbi, Hanan Hakami, Hanan Bakri, Nawal Hakami, Mousa Zamili, Abdulmajeed Alanazi, Munif Ayyashi, Ali Mohammed Qassim Hazzazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-22
publication date: 2025-10-22
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 596
ending page: 604
doi: 10.64483/20252252

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Cholestatic Jaundice: Diagnostic, Pharmacologic, and Nursing Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Cholestatic jaundice is a syndrome resulting from impaired bile formation or flow, leading to the systemic accumulation of biliary constituents like bilirubin and bile acids. It is clinically categorized into intrahepatic causes, affecting hepatocytes or small ducts, and extrahepatic causes, involving mechanical obstruction of the large bile ducts. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of the diagnostic, pharmacologic, and nursing management of cholestatic jaundice, emphasizing the integration of clinical evaluation, targeted testing, and collaborative care to optimize patient outcomes. Methods: The approach involves a systematic diagnostic workup beginning with clinical history, physical examination, and liver biochemistry. Key methods include imaging, notably ultrasound to detect ductal dilation, followed by MRCP or ERCP for definitive diagnosis and intervention in obstructive cases. For intrahepatic causes, serologic testing and liver biopsy are employed to identify etiologies such as drug-induced injury, autoimmune cholangiopathies, or genetic disorders. Results: Management is etiology-driven. Extrahepatic obstruction requires timely biliary decompression via endoscopic, percutaneous, or surgical methods. Intrahepatic cholestasis management focuses on treating the underlying disease, managing pruritus with a stepped pharmacologic approach (e.g., bile acid sequestrants, rifampin, naltrexone), and correcting nutritional deficiencies, particularly of fat-soluble vitamins. Conclusion: Effective management of cholestatic jaundice hinges on accurate anatomical localization of the defect and a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach. Collaboration between gastroenterologists, radiologists, surgeons, nurses, and pharmacists is essential for timely diagnosis, intervention, and supportive care, ultimately improving symptom control and preventing long-term complications.
creator: Musab Mohammed Faqihi
creator: Hana Mohammed S Al-Anazi
creator: Abdulaziz Masad Alharbi
creator: Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Othman
creator: Aseel Jamil Ahmed Othman
creator: Khaloud Abdullah Alnassar
creator: Amnah Muharib Alanazi
creator: Waleed Hassan Zaylaee
creator: Khalid Fahd Ali Alrushaidan
creator: Hamdah Mutair Awadh Alenazi
creator: Sultan Omar Ahmed Hakami
creator: Ibrahim Essa Jaafari
creator: Amal Ali Makki Hanshli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Musab Mohammed Faqihi, Hana Mohammed S Al-Anazi, Abdulaziz Masad Alharbi, Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Othman, Aseel Jamil Ahmed Othman, Khaloud Abdullah Alnassar, Amnah Muharib Alanazi, Waleed Hassan Zaylaee, Khalid Fahd Ali Alrushaidan, Hamdah Mutair Awadh Alenazi, Sultan Omar Ahmed Hakami, Ibrahim Essa Jaafari, Amal Ali Makki Hanshli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 605
ending page: 619
doi: 10.64483/20252253

Viral Gastroenteritis: Clinical Manifestations, Nursing Care Strategies, and Health Data Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the "stomach flu," is a highly contagious infection causing inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is a major global health concern, leading to significant morbidity, healthcare burdens, and economic costs, with norovirus and rotavirus being the most prevalent pathogens. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of viral gastroenteritis by synthesizing its clinical manifestations, outlining evidence-based nursing care strategies, and exploring the role of health data analytics in improving prevention, outbreak management, and public health surveillance. Methods: The review synthesizes current clinical guidelines and best practices. It details the diagnostic approach, which is primarily based on clinical presentation and symptom assessment, with laboratory confirmation reserved for severe or outbreak scenarios. Nursing interventions are framed within a patient-centered model, focusing on thorough assessment, hydration management, and education. Results: The primary clinical manifestations include acute onset of watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and nausea, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, particularly in vulnerable populations. Effective management is centered on vigorous oral or intravenous rehydration. Results highlight that meticulous nursing care—encompassing fluid balance monitoring, symptom control, and strict infection prevention protocols—is critical to patient recovery and containing transmission. Furthermore, leveraging health data enables real-time outbreak detection and informs targeted public health interventions. Conclusion: A multifaceted approach combining prompt clinical management, diligent nursing care, and robust health data systems is essential for reducing the impact of viral gastroenteritis.
creator: Reham Hussain Hamami
creator: Jawaher Ali Makey Hanshali
creator: Walaa Mohammed Almanbahi
creator: Farhah Falah Srayan Alenezi
creator: Amani Mazyad Almutairi
creator: Mona Abdulaziz R Almotiab
creator: Nada Mosa Alhalawi
creator: Faisal Mohammed Ali Amri
creator: Faisal Lafi Al-Mutairi
creator: Eman Mohammed Ali Amri
creator: Manal Zaal Amesh Al-Rashidi
creator: Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery
creator: Nasser Faleh M Alghatani
creator: Abduaziz Rashed Zaid Bin Gannam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Reham Hussain Hamami, Jawaher Ali Makey Hanshali, Walaa Mohammed Almanbahi, Farhah Falah Srayan Alenezi, Amani Mazyad Almutairi, Mona Abdulaziz R Almotiab, Nada Mosa Alhalawi, Faisal Mohammed Ali Amri, Faisal Lafi Al-Mutairi, Eman Mohammed Ali Amri, Manal Zaal Amesh Al-Rashidi, Abdallah Saad Said Aldosery, Nasser Faleh M Alghatani, Abduaziz Rashed Zaid Bin Gannam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 620
ending page: 633
doi: 10.64483/20252254

The Effect of an Interdisciplinary Nursing-Pharmacy-Laboratory "Sepsis Huddle" on Time-to-Antibiotic Administration: A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Sepsis and septic shock are high-priority global international health problems, and early recognition of both is crucial to survival. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign highly recommends antibiotics within one hour of recognition, but there are still considerable delays in emergency and inpatient settings due to systemic and communication failures. Aim: This systematic review evaluates the evidence for a multidisciplinary "sepsis huddle" and its implementation as a means to improve antibiotic timeliness and one-hour goal achievement. Methods: A Literature synthesis between 2015 and 2025 was conducted to examine the impact of sepsis huddles, typically nurse-initiated, with involvement of laboratory and pharmacy personnel for early diagnosis and preparation of antibiotics. Results: Sepsis huddle implementation routinely demonstrated significant improvement in the percentage of patients treated with antibiotics within an hour, with reduced median door-to-antibiotic times. The intervention was also associated with positive secondary outcomes, including reduced hospital length of stay and in-hospital mortality. Success is attributed to concurrent activation of primary processes: early identification by nurses, prompt laboratory support, and anticipatory pharmacy engagement. Conclusion: The sepsis huddle is an effective, multi-professional intervention for promoting time-sensitive sepsis bundle compliance. Future efforts must work to standardize its components and overcome implementation barriers to optimize patient outcomes.
creator: Jabril Ali Hakami
creator: Anwar Ali A Hakami
creator: Wejdan Abdu M Jafar
creator: Amunah Mohammed Ahmed Hakami
creator: Sarah Mubarak M Aldawsari
creator: Salha Mohammed Al-Thrwy
creator: Fahad Eidhah S Alharthi
creator: Ahmad Saud Alhejaili
creator: Abdul Rahim Badi Awad Al Harbi
creator: Majed Ahmed Mohamed Badwialan
creator: Salmah Mashhi Hamad Aldhafeeri
creator: Yasser Abdrab Alamir Khalifa Alkuwaiti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jabril Ali Hakami, Anwar Ali A Hakami, Wejdan Abdu M Jafar, Amunah Mohammed Ahmed Hakami, Sarah Mubarak M Aldawsari, Salha Mohammed Al-Thrwy, Fahad Eidhah S Alharthi, Ahmad Saud Alhejaili, Abdul Rahim Badi Awad Al Harbi, Majed Ahmed Mohamed Badwialan, Salmah Mashhi Hamad Aldhafeeri, Yasser Abdrab Alamir Khalifa Alkuwaiti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-26
publication date: 2025-10-26
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 634
ending page: 643
doi: 10.64483/20252255

A Systematic Review of Multidisciplinary Care of Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department: De-escalation, Pharmacology, and Disposition
type: item
description: Background: Acute agitation in the emergency department (ED) is a common, high-risk symptom that occurs secondary to diverse psychiatric, medical, substance-related, and psychosocial emergencies. Treatment has historically been reactive in nature, with a focus on physical restraint and involuntary sedation. A contemporary paradigm shift favors a proactive patient-centered multidisciplinary approach to improve safety and outcomes. Aim: This review synthesizes evidence from 2015 to 2025 to evaluate the efficacy of integrated, multidisciplinary protocols for managing acute agitation. It specifically assesses the roles of nursing de-escalation, physician medical evaluation, pharmacist-informed pharmacology, and social services-led disposition planning. Methods: An extensive review of the literature was performed, synthesizing research on protocols that officially combine non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Interdisciplinary collaboration and its effects on major clinical, safety, and operational indicators were the focus. Results: The literature conclusively substantiates that coordinated, team-based protocols significantly enhance patient and staff safety by reducing physical restraints and seclusion. They reduce negative clinical outcomes, enhance adherence to evidence-based standards, and enable more suitable and humane patient dispositions. Success is contingent upon systematized order sets, frequent staff training, and seamless coordination between disciplines. Conclusion: The optimal care of acute agitation is a multidisciplinary process. Integrated protocols that utilize the unique skill set of nursing, medicine, pharmacy, and social services are superior to the previous fragmented systems and translate into safer, more effective, and more dignified patient care.
creator: Khaled Abdul Rhamn Al-Dkhail
creator: Hussain Hamad Nasser Alhussain
creator: Majed Abdullah Othman Alothman
creator: Ibrahim Fahd Abdalazez Alhussain
creator: Mohammd Hamad Nasser Alhussain
creator: Mohammed Abdulaziz Abdul Mohsen Al-Sultan
creator: Hudaib Mohameed Alsultan
creator: Hassan Ali Mohammed Kaseb
creator: Majed Ahmed Abualsayl
creator: Saeed Obied Saad Aldowssri
creator: Bader Nasser Kurim Alotaibi
creator: Azzam Ali Hamoud Alharbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khaled Abdul Rhamn Al-Dkhail, Hussain Hamad Nasser Alhussain, Majed Abdullah Othman Alothman, Ibrahim Fahd Abdalazez Alhussain, Mohammd Hamad Nasser Alhussain, Mohammed Abdulaziz Abdul Mohsen Al-Sultan, Hudaib Mohameed Alsultan, Hassan Ali Mohammed Kaseb, Majed Ahmed Abualsayl, Saeed Obied Saad Aldowssri, Bader Nasser Kurim Alotaibi, Azzam Ali Hamoud Alharbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-26
publication date: 2025-10-26
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 644
ending page: 652
doi: 10.64483/20252256

The Prescription for Value and Efficiency: A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence in Optimizing Pharmacy Business and Drug Prices
type: item
description: Background: Healthcare is facing unprecedented stress due to the threat of rising costs, drug shortages, and inefficiency in operations. Pharmacy operations, starting from the manufacturing plant to the patient's bedside, and the complex nexus of drug prices are important areas crying out for disruption. Artificial intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and robotic process automation (RPA), is being viewed increasingly as a game-changing force that can help counter these problems. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to integrate current literature and evidence on the application of AI for streamlining pharma operations and justifying drug cost. Methods: We systematically searched peer-reviewed articles, reports, and clinical trials published between 2010 and 2025. Results: The findings reflect that AI-based solutions are being used effectively across the value chain of pharma. In operations, AI systems streamline inventory management, automate dispensing, improve clinical decision support, and personalize medication adherence programs. In drug pricing, AI algorithms are transforming market access approaches, optimizing payer reimbursement contracts, and informing value-based pricing models using advanced analysis of real-world evidence (RWE). Although the potential is great, numerous challenges remain, including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, the "black box" issue, and regulatory challenges. Conclusion: The review opines that AI is not only an incremental but also a paradigm change towards improved, safer, and value-based pharmacy practice. Strategic investment, cross-disciplinary convergence, and robust regulatory frameworks are essential to unlock the full potential of AI in creating an enduring and patient-centric pharmaceutical system.
creator: Ahmed Ali Mussa Naji
creator: Rehab Moaied Abdo Bagal
creator: Ali Hassan Ibrahim Khormi
creator: Abdulrahman Yahya Ahmed Masrai
creator: Asim Omar Mohammed Hakami
creator: Ahmed Mohsen Mohammed Maswdi
creator: Mohammed Saleh Mohammed Sayed
creator: Ahmed Hussain Ahmed Zalah
creator: Mohammed Mohsen Abdu Khormi
creator: Talal Qasim Mosa Mashragi
creator: Ibrahim Abu Bakr Hakami
creator: Ahmad Nahari Mohammad Madkhali
creator: Abdullah Mohsen Mohammed Maswdi
creator: Ahmad Abdullah Ali Majrashi
creator: Mazen Qassem Buhais Ozaybi
creator: Radwan Yehya Salim Moudhah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed Ali Mussa Naji, Rehab Moaied Abdo Bagal, Ali Hassan Ibrahim Khormi, Abdulrahman Yahya Ahmed Masrai, Asim Omar Mohammed Hakami, Ahmed Mohsen Mohammed Maswdi, Mohammed Saleh Mohammed Sayed, Ahmed Hussain Ahmed Zalah, Mohammed Mohsen Abdu Khormi, Talal Qasim Mosa Mashragi, Ibrahim Abu Bakr Hakami, Ahmad Nahari Mohammad Madkhali, Abdullah Mohsen Mohammed Maswdi, Ahmad Abdullah Ali Majrashi, Mazen Qassem Buhais Ozaybi, Radwan Yehya Salim Moudhah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 653
ending page: 660
doi: 10.64483/20252257

Cultural Competence in Nursing and Laboratory Services: A Systematic Review of the Influence of Cultural Factors on Patient Interactions and Health Outcomes
type: item
description: Background: Global migration and increasing cultural diversity have made cultural competence a necessary component of quality health care. In clinical practice, nursing and laboratory services are major patient interfaces where culturally mediated beliefs, behaviors, and communication styles directly influence the process of care. Mismatch in these interactions can lead to misdiagnosis, non-adherence, and health disparities. Aim: This systematic review aims to synthesize the literature between 2015 and 2025 to understand how cultural factors impact patient interactions in nursing and laboratory practice and to evaluate strategies for developing cultural competence in these services. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus. The search terms used were "cultural competence," "nursing," "phlebotomy," "laboratory medicine," "patient interaction," "health disparities," and "cultural factors." Results: Cultural factors significantly impact care, including explanatory models, communication barriers, religion-based preferences, and family involvement. These factors affect patient consent, compliance, and follow-up care. Interventions like professional medical interpretation, cultural competency training, and culturally tailored patient education improve patient satisfaction and diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Cultural competence is crucial for safe, effective, and equitable nursing and laboratory practice. Institutional policy should include trained interpreters, culturally sensitive protocols, and a diverse workforce, promoting cultural humility.
creator: Yahya Ahmed Mohammed Hazazi
creator: Mohammed Saleh Najdi
creator: Nader Marshood Rasheed Alsadi
creator: Nasser Yhaya Ghallah
creator: Salem Zaid Al-Amer
creator: Faisal Hassan Mawkili
creator: Saad Mohsan Alshaibani
creator: Mubarak Dwayehm ALdawsari
creator: Abdulaziz Salem Alghamdi
creator: Azzam Ali Hamoud Alharbi
creator: Abdullah Mubarak Abdullah Almesan
creator: Mohammed Saleh Ayad Aljohani
creator: Marwa Abdo Ahmad Madkhali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yahya Ahmed Mohammed Hazazi, Mohammed Saleh Najdi, Nader Marshood Rasheed Alsadi, Nasser Yhaya Ghallah, Salem Zaid Al-Amer, Faisal Hassan Mawkili, Saad Mohsan Alshaibani, Mubarak Dwayehm ALdawsari, Abdulaziz Salem Alghamdi, Azzam Ali Hamoud Alharbi, Abdullah Mubarak Abdullah Almesan, Mohammed Saleh Ayad Aljohani, Marwa Abdo Ahmad Madkhali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 661
ending page: 669
doi: 10.64483/202522187

A Systematic Review of Quality Improvement Initiatives Led by Radiology Nurses in Diagnostic Imaging Services
type: item
description: Background: The diagnostic imaging department is a high-risk, complex setting with patient safety, operational efficiency, and patient experience as the priorities. Within this setting, the radiology nurse's role has transformed significantly from procedural to core coordination and leadership of quality improvement (QI). Aim: This synopsis synthesizes literature between the years 2015 and 2025 to examine the extent, impact, and characteristics of QI activities driven or sponsored by radiology nurses. Methods: A Systematic review of peer-reviewed articles was conducted. Top scholarly databases were used to conduct literature searches, and studies were included if they described nursing-led QI projects within diagnostic imaging and quantified outcomes. Results: The findings demonstrate how evidence-based care by radiology nurses is important in closing four areas of high value: patient safety (i.e., reducing contrast reactions and falls), patient experience, operational effectiveness, and safety culture. These evidence-based approaches yield significant reductions in adverse events, higher levels of patient satisfaction, increased throughput, and cost savings. Standardized checklists, anticipatory risk analysis, and robust patient education are among common success factors, but pitfalls like role ambiguity and limited resources remain. Conclusion: Radiology nurses are strong leaders of QI in imaging and not just implementers. Providing them with formal leadership training and clear role delineation is necessary for the establishment of service quality and safety. Further research should also quantify the return on investment of nursing-led QI and its role in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence.
creator: Muthiba Khalifa Almutairi
creator: Abdullatif Yousef Ahmed Almuqahwi
creator: Amaal Issa Dahlan
creator: Rabab Gida Alamri
creator: Hind Yousef Ahmad Albutyan
creator: Latifah Aiyedh Almutairi
creator: Duaa Saleh Saad Alhamood
creator: Khaled Mohammed Alsahli
creator: Aisha Alsheta
creator: Hamzah Mohammed Ahmed Buayti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muthiba Khalifa Almutairi, Abdullatif Yousef Ahmed Almuqahwi, Amaal Issa Dahlan, Rabab Gida Alamri, Hind Yousef Ahmad Albutyan, Latifah Aiyedh Almutairi, Duaa Saleh Saad Alhamood, Khaled Mohammed Alsahli, Aisha Alsheta, Hamzah Mohammed Ahmed Buayti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 670
ending page: 678
doi: 10.64483/20252259

Optimizing the Healthcare Team: A Systematic Review of Role Delegation and Task Sharing Between Nurses and Secretarial Staff in General Medicine Practices
type: item
description: Background: General medicine practices are facing rising clinical complexity, administrative tasks, and patient demand, which require the establishment of innovative team-based care models to optimize efficiency and staff well-being. Aim: The systematic review uses 2015-2025 literature to report on models, outcomes, facilitators, and barriers to role delegation and task sharing between secretarial and nursing staff in general medicine. Methods: Systematic database searching was used through databases like PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. Eligible studies were those that evaluated interventions of task delegation or role sharing between administrative and nursing staff in primary care settings and reported relevant outcomes. Results: Examples of prominent models mentioned are the Chronic Care Model (CCM), teamlets, and protocol-based task redistribution. There is evidence that effective delegation significantly improves physician and staff burnout, team satisfaction, and functional effectiveness (e.g., reduced wait times, better panel management). Appropriately delegated work can maintain or even improve quality measures for chronic disease and preventive care. Significant obstacles include preservation of professional role, regulatory constraints, and inadequate training, while effective leadership, co-designed workflows, and effective communication are key facilitators. Conclusion: Intentional redesign of nurse-secretarial staff positions is a crucial strategy for creating a high-performing, sustainable primary care system, but success depends on surmounting implementation issues.
creator: Abdullah Ali M Alzahrani
creator: Ahlam Mohammed Mashnafi
creator: Mohammed Hebah Yahya Badwi
creator: Tahani Mohammed Algammdi
creator: Reem Salman Al Otaibi
creator: Abdulmajeed Muneer Alotaibi
creator: Hassan Awaji Mohammad Hakimi
creator: Rahaf Murdhi Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah Ali M Alzahrani, Ahlam Mohammed Mashnafi, Mohammed Hebah Yahya Badwi, Tahani Mohammed Algammdi, Reem Salman Al Otaibi, Abdulmajeed Muneer Alotaibi, Hassan Awaji Mohammad Hakimi, Ahlam Mohammed Mashnafi, Rahaf Murdhi Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 679
ending page: 687
doi: 10.64483/20252260

Optimizing Outcomes in Lupus Nephritis Through Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The Intersection of Nursing, Family Medicine, Laboratory Science, and Medical Record Management
type: item
description: Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune complex deposition and multi-organ inflammation. Lupus nephritis (LN), a severe renal manifestation, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE patients, with a significant risk of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) if not managed promptly. Aim: This article synthesizes the complex etiology, pathophysiology, and management of LN, with an implicit aim to underscore the necessity of a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach to optimize patient outcomes through early detection, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment. Methods: The review consolidates current medical literature on LN, detailing its pathogenesis involving genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. It emphasizes the critical role of renal biopsy for histopathological classification (ISN/RPS system) and evaluation of activity/chronicity indices. The management framework is analyzed, outlining evidence-based protocols for induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy, risk-factor modification, and the integration of novel biologic agents. Results: LN prognosis is highly dependent on timely intervention guided by histologic class. Proliferative forms (Classes III/IV) carry the poorest renal outcomes without aggressive treatment. Advances in therapy, including mycophenolate mofetil, belimumab, and voclosporin, have improved remission rates and enabled steroid-sparing strategies. However, outcomes are significantly influenced by factors such as ethnicity, access to care, and adherence to long-term maintenance therapy. Conclusion: Effective management of LN requires an interdisciplinary model integrating rheumatology, nephrology, nursing, primary care, and laboratory science. This collaborative framework ensures vigilant surveillance, biopsy-informed treatment decisions, aggressive comorbidity management, and comprehensive patient education, ult…
creator: Shams Yousef Alamri
creator: Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi
creator: Majed Shwiman Alshwiman
creator: Zahi Mohammed Alqarni
creator: Samiah Saleem Alharbi
creator: Ahlam Khalaf Daher Albalawi
creator: Ahmad Khalaf Thaher Al-Balwi
creator: Hanan Ahmed Dagriri
creator: Maqbulah Ali Albalawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shams Yousef Alamri, Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi, Majed Shwiman Alshwiman, Zahi Mohammed Alqarni, Samiah Saleem Alharbi, Ahlam Khalaf Daher Albalawi, Ahmad Khalaf Thaher Al-Balwi, Hanan Ahmed Dagriri, Maqbulah Ali Albalawi, Shroq Hadi Hassan Hamzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 688
ending page: 709
doi: 10.64483/20252261

Optimizing Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block: An Interdisciplinary Approach between Dentistry and Anesthesiology
type: item
description: Background: The Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) is a fundamental regional anesthesia technique in dentistry, essential for procedures on the mandibular teeth and soft tissues. Despite its widespread use, it has a reported failure rate of 15-20%, often due to anatomical complexity and technical inaccuracies in locating the mandibular foramen. Aim: This article aims to synthesize the principles of IANB administration, advocating for an interdisciplinary approach between dentistry and anesthesiology to optimize its success, enhance patient safety, and manage complications effectively. Methods: A comprehensive review of the IANB technique is presented, covering the relevant anatomy of the mandibular nerve and foramen, indications, contraindications, and necessary equipment. The analysis details the conventional injection technique, evidence-based modifications (e.g., Thangavelu, Gow-Gates), and the role of technology like Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery (CCLAD) systems. Potential local, neurological, and systemic complications and their management are also examined. Results: Mastery of the IANB requires a deep understanding of anatomical landmarks and their variations. Techniques guided by consistent bony landmarks, such as the internal oblique ridge, may improve success rates. Furthermore, a coordinated, interprofessional team approach—involving dentists, physicians, nurses, and pharmacists—is critical for pre-procedural risk assessment, safe administration, and managing emergencies like local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Conclusion: The IANB remains a cornerstone of dental practice. Its optimization hinges on anatomical expertise, technical precision, and a collaborative healthcare model that prioritizes patient-specific care and safety.
creator: Ershad Hussein Ali Alnemi
creator: Mohammed Ahmed Asiri
creator: Mohammed Mashraqi
creator: Abdulrahman Samir Khateiri
creator: Ruwayda Hamed Yahya Sughayyir
creator: Abdulaziz Abdullah Alahmari
creator: Wahaj Awadh Matar Alsaadi
creator: May Ayed Alanazi
creator: Hanan Salah Almutairi
creator: Abdallh Badr Obaid Almutiri
creator: Eid Mohammad Ahmed Hadi
creator: Haifa Suliman Aljohani
creator: Noor Naif Alaswad Alazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ershad Hussein Ali Alnemi, Mohammed Ahmed Asiri, Mohammed Mashraqi, Abdulrahman Samir Khateiri, Ruwayda Hamed Yahya Sughayyir , Abdulaziz Abdullah Alahmari, Wahaj Awadh Matar Alsaadi, May Ayed Alanazi, Hanan Salah Almutairi, Abdallh Badr Obaid Almutiri, Ershad Hussein Ali Alnemi, Eid Mohammad Ahmed Hadi, Haifa Suliman Aljohani , Noor Naif Alaswad Alazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 710
ending page: 727
doi: 10.64483/20252262

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preterm Labor: Clinical Management, Epidemiological Trends, and Emergency Nursing Interventions in Maternal Health
type: item
description: Background: Preterm labor (PTL), defined as regular uterine contractions with cervical change between 20 and 37 weeks' gestation, is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a complex syndrome driven by multiple etiologies, including infection, inflammation, uterine overdistension, and vascular pathology. Aim: This article synthesizes interdisciplinary perspectives on PTL, aiming to clarify its definition, pathophysiology, and evidence-based management. It emphasizes a risk-stratified approach to diagnosis and treatment to optimize neonatal outcomes while avoiding unnecessary interventions. Methods: A comprehensive review is presented, covering the epidemiology, multifactorial pathophysiology, and clinical evaluation of PTL. Diagnostic methods include history, physical exam, transvaginal ultrasound for cervical length, and biomarkers like fetal fibronectin. Management strategies are analyzed, focusing on the gestational age-based application of antenatal corticosteroids, tocolysis, magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection, and Group B Streptococcus prophylaxis. Results: Accurate diagnosis remains challenging, as most symptomatic patients do not deliver imminently. Risk stratification using cervical length and biomarker testing is crucial. Time-sensitive interventions, particularly antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate, significantly improve neonatal outcomes when appropriately targeted to high-risk patients between 24 and 34 weeks gestation. Conclusion: Effective management of PTL requires an integrated, interdisciplinary approach. Mastery of diagnostic criteria, risk stratification, and the timely administration of evidence-based therapies is essential to reduce the global burden of prematurity.
creator: Mousa Ali Mousa Ayashi
creator: Rashid Marde Bakhet Al‏Dosari
creator: Mashael Abdullah Refaie
creator: Faisal Lafi Al-Mutairi
creator: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Awaf
creator: Ahmed Ali Awaf
creator: Hamad Ibrahim Hamad Alghareeb
creator: Nemah Ahmed Rajhi
creator: ‏Sumayyah Saud Tuaysan Alanazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mousa Ali Mousa Ayashi, Rashid Marde Bakhet Al‏Dosari, Mashael Abdullah Refaie , Mousa Ali Mousa Ayashi, Faisal Lafi Al-Mutairi, Mohammed Ali Mohammed Awaf, Ahmed Ali Awaf, Mohammed Ali Mohammed Awaf, Hamad Ibrahim Hamad Alghareeb, Nemah Ahmed Rajhi , ‏Sumayyah Saud Tuaysan Alanazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 728
ending page: 744
doi: 10.64483/20252263

Integrative Nursing and Optical Approaches to Vision Rehabilitation: Best Practices in Prescribing Corrective Lenses for Pseudophakic Patients
type: item
description: Background: Cataract surgery, one of the most common procedures worldwide, replaces the opacified crystalline lens with an intraocular lens (IOL), creating a pseudophakic eye. Despite advanced IOL technology, a significant proportion of patients require spectacle correction postoperatively to achieve optimal visual acuity and comfort for specific tasks, making precise refraction and spectacle prescribing a critical component of visual rehabilitation. Aim: This article aims to outline best practices for prescribing corrective lenses for pseudophakic patients, integrating surgical outcomes with patient-specific visual needs. It emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach to navigate the unique challenges of pseudophakia, including managing residual refractive error, anisometropia between staged surgeries, and the specific demands of premium IOLs. Methods: A comprehensive review of the prescribing process is presented, covering the timing of postoperative refraction, the indications for spectacles, and the necessary diagnostic equipment (e.g., autorefractor, phoropter, corneal topographer). The analysis details how to tailor prescriptions based on IOL type (monofocal, toric, multifocal, EDOF) and patient lifestyle, including the selection of progressive addition lenses, occupational designs, and specialized coatings. Results: Successful visual rehabilitation depends on accurate refraction performed after ocular stabilization (typically 3-4 weeks post-surgery). Key to patient satisfaction is managing interim anisometropia, correcting even small residual errors, and prescribing task-specific eyewear. A coordinated effort between ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians is essential to translate surgical results into functional, comfortable vision. Conclusion: Prescribing spectacles for pseudophakic patients is a nuanced, rehabilitative process rather than a simple transaction. A patient-centered, interdisciplinary approach ensures that spectacles effectively complement…
creator: Dina Idarous Misky
creator: Nourah Abdullah Alowais
creator: Fawaz Nasser Alhuwaymil
creator: Fatimah Fahad Alnasser
creator: Reem Hilal Break Al-Otaibi
creator: Iyman Ahmed Mohamad Harash
creator: Mona Dakheil Saad Albalawi
creator: Hadi Mohmmed Mohsen Hagawi
creator: Abdulrahman Saad Bijad Alsubaie
creator: Maryam Essa Ayyashi
creator: Shouhrah Saad Mohumad Alshoumrani
creator: Abdulrahman Mohsen Siddiq Tubayqi
creator: Saad Abdulaziz Alrabiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dina Idarous Misky, Nourah Abdullah Alowais , Fawaz Nasser Alhuwaymil, Fatimah Fahad Alnasser, Reem Hilal Break Al-Otaibi, Iyman Ahmed Mohamad Harash, Mona Dakheil Saad Albalawi , Hadi Mohmmed Mohsen Hagawi , Abdulrahman Saad Bijad Alsubaie, Maryam Essa Ayyashi, Shouhrah Saad Mohumad Alshoumrani, Abdulrahman Mohsen Siddiq Tubayqi, Saad Abdulaziz Alrabiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 745
ending page: 756
doi: 10.64483/20252264

Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness of First Aid Among School Teachers: An Updated Review for Paramedics, Emergency Professionals, and Nursing
type: item
description: Education about first aid amongst school teachers is an important aspect of student safety and efficient response to emergency situations in school. The first to react in case of any accidents or sudden health cases in schools are the teachers, thus their quick response is capable of saving lives and avoiding complications. This study determines the levels of knowledge, awareness, and preparedness of teachers at schools concerning first aid procedures. It investigates the issues in teaching experience, exposure to training and confidence levels and institutional support to advance first aid education. The surveys and literature reviews were used to obtain data, which helped reveal the current gaps and the area of improvement. The results indicate the need to incorporate systematic first aid training into teacher education programs, periodically updating the refresher courses, and improving policies on emergency preparedness in schools. Increasing the first aid competence of teachers is not only helping to create safer schools but can also help establish a culture of responsibility, awareness and health among the educational facilities.
creator: Mohammed Ayad Al Harbi
creator: Majed Mirzaq Matar Almutairi
creator: Khawlah Mohammed Judayba
creator: Taghred Ayad Alshalwi
creator: Reem Sunaytan Alotaibi
creator: Ishraq Siddiq Hakami
creator: Mohammed Ali Mohammed Awaf
creator: Ahmed Ali Awaf
creator: Abdulrahman Mohsen Siddiq Tubayqi
creator: Khaled Mohammed Alsahli
creator: Nabila Bakur Alhawsawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ayad Al Harbi, Majed Mirzaq Matar Almutairi, Khawlah Mohammed Judayba , Taghred Ayad Alshalwi, Reem Sunaytan Alotaibi, Ishraq Siddiq Hakami , Mohammed Ali Mohammed Awaf, Ahmed Ali Awaf, Abdulrahman Mohsen Siddiq Tubayqi, Khaled Mohammed Alsahli, Nabila Bakur Alhawsawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 815
ending page: 827
doi: 10.64483/20252208

Mass Spectrometry in the Clinical Laboratory: Beyond Toxicology to Endocrinology and Microbiology
type: item
description: Background: The clinical laboratory has witnessed a paradigm shift with the introduction of mass spectrometry (MS) into its activities, extending its role way beyond the traditional field of toxicology. Aim: This review comprehensively discusses the revolutionizing impact of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS on the diagnosis and management of human disease, particularly in endocrinology and microbiology. Methods: Synthesis of concepts, applications, and relative advantages of these MS methods from the current literature between 2015 and 2024 was reviewed. Results: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) emerged as the gold standard in endocrinology with improved specificity for steroid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin measurement, thereby enabling accurate diagnosis of complex disorders. Meanwhile, MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by providing quick, accurate, and cost-effective microbial identification, with an appreciable shortening of the time to effective antimicrobial therapy. Further, MS/MS remains the basis of newborn screening for congenital errors of metabolism. Despite challenges like standardization and cost, newer directions like mass spectrometry imaging and ambient ionization techniques promise further advancements. Conclusion: The findings verify that MS/MS and MALDI-TOF MS lead the path of the modern clinical laboratory's commitment to deliver precise, individualized, and prompt patient treatment.
creator: Ali Saeed Abdullah Alzahrani
creator: Hani Awied Aied Alharbi
creator: Ali Abdullah Mohammed Alsaab
creator: Yasir Ali Muhammad Al-Zahrani
creator: Emad Ali Muhsin Alattas
creator: Ahmed Abdullah Orepi
creator: Ali Abdullah Alzahrani
creator: Majed Abdulrahman Alrashidi
creator: Mansour Butayhan Al Mabdi
creator: Ali Ahmed Alomari Alzhrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Saeed Abdullah Alzahrani, Hani Awied Aied Alharbi, Ali Abdullah Mohammed Alsaab, Yasir Ali Muhammad Al-Zahrani, Emad Ali Muhsin Alattas, Ahmed Abdullah Orepi, Ali Abdullah Alzahrani, Majed Abdulrahman Alrashidi, Mansour Butayhan Al Mabdi, Ali Ahmed Alomari Alzhrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 757
ending page: 765
doi: 10.64483/20252196

Lactic Acidosis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Nursing Management
type: item
description: Background: Lactic acidosis is a critical metabolic condition characterized by the systemic accumulation of lactate, resulting from an imbalance between its production and clearance. It is commonly classified into Type A, caused by tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia (e.g., shock), and Type B, associated with underlying diseases, toxins, or mitochondrial dysfunction. It is a frequent finding in critically ill patients and is strongly linked to high mortality rates. Aim: This article aims to comprehensively review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of lactic acidosis, with a specific focus on the integral role of nursing in early recognition, monitoring, and coordinating interdisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes. Methods: The article synthesizes current medical knowledge on lactic acidosis, detailing its physiological mechanisms, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria. It outlines systematic approaches for assessment, evaluation (including arterial blood gas and anion gap analysis), and evidence-based medical and nursing interventions. Results: Effective management hinges on rapid identification and treatment of the underlying cause, such as infection source control in sepsis. Medical management involves goal-directed fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, and optimizing oxygen delivery. Serial lactate monitoring and clinical assessment of perfusion are crucial for evaluating treatment efficacy. Nursing management is pivotal in executing these interventions, providing continuous monitoring, and ensuring coordinated, patient-centered care. Conclusion: Lactic acidosis is a life-threatening condition requiring a prompt, systematic, and interdisciplinary approach. Successful outcomes depend on correcting the underlying cause, restoring tissue perfusion, and meticulous supportive care, with nurses playing a central role in monitoring, intervention, and care coordination.
creator: Sawsan Hussain Ali Alsaleh
creator: Maryam Hussin Habib Alabood
creator: Laila Eissa Abdullah Alatwan
creator: Latifah Farhan Ahmed AlQasim
creator: Eman Ali Khalifah Al Farhan
creator: Sukinah Saleh Jasem Aljubran
creator: Aisha Adel Abdulaziz Alsaqer
creator: Hajer Saleh Yousef Alowaidh
creator: Amal Rashed Fahed Alkhammash
creator: Hind Nahar Hmad Alhagriaf
creator: Amerah Saleh Ibrahim Aljamaan
creator: Amenah Nasser Abdullah AlnefIly
creator: Sara Hussain Ali Alnasser
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sawsan Hussain Ali Alsaleh, Maryam Hussin Habib Alabood, Laila Eissa Abdullah Alatwan, Latifah Farhan Ahmed AlQasim, Eman Ali Khalifah Al Farhan, Sukinah Saleh Jasem Aljubran, Aisha Adel Abdulaziz Alsaqer, Hajer Saleh Yousef Alowaidh, Amal Rashed Fahed Alkhammash, Hind Nahar Hmad Alhagriaf, Amerah Saleh Ibrahim Aljamaan, Amenah Nasser Abdullah AlnefIly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 836
ending page: 844
doi: 10.64483/202522210

Optimizing Chronic Insomnia Care Through Pharmacist Intervention, Laboratory Evaluation, and Administrative Coordination
type: item
description: Background: Chronic insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, leading to significant daytime impairment. It is a major public health concern with strong links to psychiatric and medical comorbidities, including depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease, and is driven by a complex pathophysiology involving hyperarousal and dysregulation of sleep-wake circuits. Aim: This article aims to outline a comprehensive, interprofessional framework for managing chronic insomnia, emphasizing the synergistic roles of pharmacists, laboratory services, and health administrators in optimizing patient care from diagnosis through long-term treatment. Methods: The proposed model integrates evidence-based interventions. First-line treatment is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I). Pharmacological options, including GABAergic agents, dual orexin receptor antagonists, and melatonin agonists, are used adjunctively. The framework leverages pharmacists for medication management and deprescribing, laboratory services for identifying underlying medical causes, and health administrators for implementing system-wide protocols and digital health solutions like internet-delivered CBT-I (iCBT-I). Results: This collaborative approach facilitates accurate diagnosis, ensures guideline-concordant treatment, and improves patient adherence. It leads to reduced reliance on long-term pharmacotherapy, better management of comorbid conditions, and more efficient use of healthcare resources through streamlined workflows and improved access to first-line behavioral therapies. Conclusion: Effective management of chronic insomnia requires a unified, systems-based strategy. By integrating the distinct expertise of clinicians, pharmacists, laboratory professionals, and administrators, healthcare systems can shift from a reactive, medication-focused model to a proactive, patient-centered approach that addresses the root c…
creator: Ali Nasser Shammakhi
creator: Mohammed Ali Alhazmi
creator: Ahmed Mohammad Mrair
creator: Yahya Mohammed Dahhas
creator: Adel Hamad Khardli
creator: Abdallah Ali Hakami
creator: Faisal Hassan Al-Harbi
creator: Abualqasim Nasser Zoagan
creator: Khaled mossa mashi
creator: Nasser Mohemmed Mjrshi
creator: Ahmed Jibril A Sherwani
creator: Norah Hinbas Ali Naji
creator: Bashayr Mousa Mohammed Ageeli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Nasser Shammakhi, Mohammed Ali Alhazmi, Ahmed Mohammad Mrair, Yahya Mohammed Dahhas, Adel Hamad Khardli, Abdallah Ali Hakami, Faisal Hassan Al-Harbi, Abualqasim Nasser Zoagan, Khaled mossa mashi, Nasser Mohemmed Mjrshi, Ahmed Jibril A Sherwani, Norah Hinbas Ali Naji, Mousa M Ageeli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 788
ending page: 801
doi: 10.64483/20252206

The Impact of Red Crescent First Aid Awareness Campaigns on Improving Emergency Preparedness Among Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review for Emergency Professionals and Nursing
type: item
description: Background: Vulnerable groups are disproportionately vulnerable to the dangers of emergencies. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and National Societies use first aid awareness campaigns as a central public health intervention to strengthen community resilience and emergency preparedness from the ground level. Aim: The present review seeks to critically assess the effect of Red Crescent first aid awareness campaigns on enhancing emergency readiness among vulnerable populations around the world, drawing on evidence from the past decade. Methods: A systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed research (2015-2024), IFRC publications, and applicable case studies was used to explore the effectiveness and operational challenges of such campaigns. Results: The results always verify that such campaigns significantly improve immediate first aid knowledge and capabilities among the respondents. They also inspire positive behavioral intentions, improve self-efficacy, and foster a broader culture of safety and self-responsibility. The effectiveness of campaigns is hugely moderated by profound socioeconomic obstacles, cultural settings, and logistical limitations in targeting the most vulnerable groups. Conclusions: Red Crescent first aid campaigns are an effective and cost-saving method of enhancing community emergency preparedness. Their strategic integration into public health, disaster risk reduction (DRR), and universal health coverage (UHC) plans is strongly recommended. Next steps must be innovative, context-specific, and longitudinally focused to maximize impact and overcome current impediments.
creator: Ahmed Mofareh Alanazi
creator: Swelem Nafea Aqla Alanzy
creator: Saleh Jaber Salamah Alanzi
creator: Mariam Abdullah Mohammed Hadadi
creator: Maryam Naif Alaswad Aloudah
creator: Hosam Hasan Alzhrani
creator: Nowair Al-Homaidi Hassan Al-Qahtani
creator: Mohammed Yahya Abdu Sofyani
creator: Yousef Ramadan Fayadh Al-Enezi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Mofareh Alanazi, Swelem Nafea Aqla Alanzy, Saleh Jaber Salamah Alanzi, Mariam Abdullah Mohammed Hadadi, Maryam Naif Alaswad Aloudah, Hosam Hasan Alzhrani , Nowair Al-Homaidi Hassan Al-Qahtani, Mohammed Yahya Abdu Sofyani, Yousef Ramadan Fayadh Al-Enezi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 883
ending page: 889
doi: 10.64483/202522215

Cybersecurity Threats in Medical Devices: An Examination of Nursing Science, Role, and Patient Safety Interventions
type: item
description: Background: The integration of networked medical devices with healthcare, while positive, has presented significant cybersecurity threats. These risks compromise device operation, patient data, and safety. Nurses, as heavy users of devices, are a critical but unaddressed line of protection against such threats. Aim: The aim of this review is to synthesize literature between 2015-2024 to talk about cybersecurity threats in medical devices, assess nursing knowledge and preparedness, present evolving nursing roles, and examine strengthened patient safety practices. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by conducting a systematic search on major scholarly databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus) for English-language articles released during the time period 2015-2024. Keywords used were medical devices, cybersecurity, nursing, and patient safety. Results: The review identifies an enormous gap in formal education related to cybersecurity among nurses, rendering them unprepared to recognize or handle threats. At the same time, nursing duties are informally broadened to incorporate cyber-hygiene activities. The findings bring attention to the imperative necessity of formalizing the role of a nurse as a frontline warrior against threats. Conclusion: A formal integration of cybersecurity into nursing practice is urgently needed. This can be achieved through formalized educational frameworks, clear practice guidelines, and improved interdisciplinary cooperation in order to ensure patient safety in the technology era.
creator: Abdulrahman abdullah saif Alsahli
creator: Seham suleman hamd Alsaeed
creator: Fuad Moraia Mohammed Hakami
creator: Rawabi Hamdan Muklif
creator: Tagreead Gaman Al shrari
creator: Wssmiah Fahad ALsaad
creator: Ahlam ali alnami
creator: Samaria Ali Ali Mahnasi
creator: Kathiyh Jaman ALyami
creator: Aisha Hafiz Ibrahim
creator: Nesreen Hafiz Ibrahim
creator: Eman Hafiz Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman abdullah saif Alsahli, Seham suleman hamd Alsaeed, Fuad Moraia Mohammed Hakami, Rawabi Hamdan Muklif, Tagreead Gaman Al shrari, Wssmiah Fahad ALsaad, Ahlam ali alnami, Samaria Ali Ali Mahnasi, Kathiyh Jaman ALyami, Aisha Hafiz Ibrahim, Nesreen Hafiz Ibrahim, Eman Hafiz Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 766
ending page: 772
doi: 10.64483/20252197

Osteoporosis in Females: An Interdisciplinary Approach Integrating Nursing Care, Family Support, Social Determinants, Physiotherapists, and Laboratory Evaluation.
type: item
description: Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitectural deterioration, leading to increased fragility and fracture risk. It represents a major global public health challenge, disproportionately affecting postmenopausal females due to the abrupt decline in estrogen, which accelerates bone resorption. The condition is often asymptomatic until a fragility fracture occurs, resulting in significant pain, disability, mortality, and societal cost. Aim: This article synthesizes the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of osteoporosis in females and advocates for an interdisciplinary management approach. It aims to outline comprehensive evaluation strategies and evidence-based treatments, integrating the roles of nursing, family medicine, laboratory services, and social care to close pervasive screening and treatment gaps. Methods: A comprehensive review is presented, covering the disease's historical context, pathophysiological mechanisms (including the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis), and diagnostic criteria using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Risk assessment tools like FRAX and laboratory evaluations for secondary causes are detailed. Management strategies, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, are systematically reviewed. Results: Osteoporosis management requires a multifaceted strategy. First-line pharmacotherapy includes bisphosphonates and denosumab, while anabolic agents (e.g., teriparatide, romosozumab) are reserved for very high-risk patients. Non-pharmacological foundations encompass calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, and fall prevention. Successful outcomes depend on coordinated, interprofessional care to improve diagnosis, treatment adherence, and persistence. Conclusion: A proactive, interdisciplinary model is essential to transform osteoporosis from a "silent epidemic" into a managed chronic condition, thereby reducing the immense personal and …
creator: Nashban Mohammed Hakamy
creator: Dhaifallah Jaber Hassan Almalki
creator: Salma Yahya Darraj
creator: Mazen Abdulrahman Mohammed Alamer
creator: Amirah Omair Mohammed Madkhali
creator: Laila Mohammed Awaji Ogdi
creator: Hayat Mohammed Aref
creator: Salma Mohammed Aref
creator: Rawan Mohammed Farhan
creator: Ali Ibrahim Qasem
creator: Khalid Mohammed Ahmed Hardi
creator: Fatma Hassan Ghoben
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nashban Mohammed Hakamy, Dhaifallah Jaber Hassan Almalki, Salma Yahya Darraj, Mazen Abdulrahman Mohammed Alamer, Amirah Omair Mohammed Madkhali, Laila Mohammed Awaji Ogdi, Hayat Mohammed Aref, Salma Mohammed Aref, Rawan Mohammed Farhan, Ali Ibrahim qasem Al darb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 845
ending page: 864
doi: 10.64483/202522212

The Role of Optometry-Nursing Teams in Closing the Gap in Geriatric Care: A Scoping Review
type: item
description: Background: The world's population is rapidly aging, and an unprecedented prevalence of chronic and comorbid conditions threatens functional independence and quality of life. Optometry and nursing are often considered discrete practice disciplines, but their potential contribution to collaborative and integrated care for addressing many of these gaps remains underexplored. Aim: The goal of this scoping review was to map the existing literature regarding interventions and care models that incorporate the combined expertise of both optometry and nursing in the management of key geriatric syndromes. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases, namely, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, was made for literature between 2014 and 2025. Results: The review found a nascent but promising body of evidence. The results of the study point to three specific areas of collaboration: 1) Falls Prevention, where the nurse conducts a risk assessment and medication review in consultation with optometrist on refractive corrections; 2) Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and vision impairment support where optometrist does the diagnosis and treatment, while nurses would provide psychosocial support and coaching; and 3) early signs of cognitive decline where optometrist can assess visual biomakers related to systemic health by nurses. Conclusion: Optometry-nursing teams represent a powerful, patient-centered model for closing critical gaps in geriatric care. The current review aimed to summarize core components of successful collaborations and to present a conceptual framework for integration. Future research should focus on high-quality, quantitative trials to confirm efficacy and on developing standardized protocols for implementation.
creator: Abdulhadi Abdullah Ali Alshawakir
creator: Bander Saqer Alanazi
creator: Amnah Hassan Ahmed Asuni
creator: Enter Bakr Takroni
creator: Abdullah Amer B Aldosari
creator: Nawdh Mutair Almajdi
creator: Kamlah Saad Alshehri
creator: Amal Abdullah Makrami
creator: Mutaib Abdulrahman Mukhlid Alotaibi
creator: Al Anoud Abdullah Al Qarni
creator: Noha Abdullah Alanzei
creator: Aisha Hamed Hamoud Aloseimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulhadi Abdullah Ali Alshawakir, Bander Saqer Alanazi, Amnah Hassan Ahmed Asuni, Enter Bakr Takroni, Abdullah Amer B Aldosari, Nawdh Mutair Almajdi, Kamlah Saad Alshehri , Amal Abdullah Makrami, Mutaib Abdulrahman Mukhlid Alotaibi, Al Anoud Abdullah Al Qarni, Noha Abdullah Alanzei, Aisha Hamed Hamoud Aloseimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 828
ending page: 835
doi: 10.64483/20252209

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Managing Bariatric Surgery Complications: The Collaborative Roles of Nursing, Physical Therapy, and Nutrition in Postoperative Recovery and Long-Term Outcomes.
type: item
description: Background: Bariatric surgery is a highly effective intervention for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. However, the procedures carry a significant risk of both immediate and long-term complications, including anastomotic leaks, nutritional deficiencies, and dumping syndrome, which can impact patient outcomes and recovery. Aim: This article aims to delineate a comprehensive, interdisciplinary framework for managing bariatric surgery complications, emphasizing the critical, collaborative roles of nursing, physical therapy, and nutrition services in optimizing postoperative recovery and ensuring long-term success. Methods: The review synthesizes a multidisciplinary care model. Key methods include proactive nursing assessment for early complication detection, structured physical therapy to enhance mobility and prevent thromboembolism, and detailed nutritional counseling and monitoring to prevent and correct micronutrient deficiencies. This integrated approach spans from preoperative education to lifelong follow-up. Results: An interprofessional team approach leads to improved patient outcomes by enabling early recognition and management of surgical complications, reducing recovery times, and enhancing adherence to dietary and supplement regimens. This coordination mitigates risks such as vitamin deficiencies, weight regain, and psychological distress, thereby supporting durable weight loss and metabolic health. Conclusion: The long-term success of bariatric surgery is fundamentally dependent on sustained, collaborative care. By integrating the expertise of surgeons, nurses, physical therapists, and dietitians into a cohesive team, healthcare systems can effectively manage complications, support patient adaptation, and maximize the profound benefits of surgical intervention for morbid obesity.
creator: Mohammed Julaymid Almutairi
creator: Alotalbl Masoud Masaad S
creator: Mohammed Salem Almotairi
creator: Ali Hussain Alnowiser
creator: Ftma Abdullah Alhejji
creator: Ahmed Abdullah Mohammad Muafa
creator: Jabeer Abdullah Sadig
creator: Abdulmujib Ali Kaabi
creator: Abada Awaji Hakami
creator: Mohammed Khalid Albarqawi
creator: Albatool Abdulrhman Alanazi
creator: Aisha Mahmood Maggadmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Julaymid Almutairi, Alotalbl Masoud Masaad S, Mohammed Salem Almotairi, Ali Hussain Alnowiser, Ftma Abdullah Alhejji, Ahmed Abdullah Mohammad Muafa , Jabeer Abdullah Sadig , Abdulmujib Ali Kaabi, Abada Awaji Hakami, Mohammed Khalid Albarqawi , Albatool Abdulrhman Alanazi, Aisha Mahmood Maggadmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 802
ending page: 814
doi: 10.64483/20252207

The Ethics of Nursing Practice
type: item
description: The nursing practice standard of professional ethics is the basis of caring, safe and responsible practices with patients. The ethics helps nurses in making decisions, acting, and dealing with patients, families, and other healthcare teams ethically. This paper discusses professional ethics and its significance in nursing, its historical formation, and the role of major principles of ethics, namely, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. It also points out the importance of confidentiality, informed consent and telling the truth in nursing practice. Moreover, the ethical dilemmas encountered by nurses most often, the effects of technology and digitalizatioln on the ethics, and the influence of leadership on the development of the ethical culture in healthcare facilities is discussed. Ethical behavior promotion strategies and future trends towards attaining future ethical excellence are also provided. The paper notes that ethical integrity is not a professional responsibility but an ethical obligation to promote human dignity, trust and the utmost standards of care in a continuously evolving healthcare setting.
creator: Naseem Mohammed Ahmed Jawhali
creator: Faisal Khalid A Zakri
creator: Nouruldeen Mohammed Jabril Alsabi
creator: Amsha Mohammed Al Harbi
creator: Adel Maqbul Mutlaq Alsharari
creator: Mahal Bandar Alotaibi
creator: Amal Ibrahim Al -Mamlouh
creator: Zahra Ali Mohsin Alnakhli
creator: Madhawi Abdulaziz Alsulayli
creator: Latifah Aiyedh Almutairi
creator: Fatimah Ayidh Almutairi
creator: Alkohzama Mohseen Saif Albashe
creator: Dalal Rasheed Altawyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naseem Mohammed Ahmed Jawhali, Faisal Khalid A Zakri, Nouruldeen Mohammed Jabril Alsabi, Amsha Mohammed Al Harbi, Adel Maqbul Mutlaq Alsharari, Mahal Bandar Alotaibi, Amal Ibrahim Al -Mamlouh, Zahra Ali Mohsin Alnakhli, Madhawi Abdulaziz Alsulayli, Latifah Aiyedh Almutairi, Fatimah Ayidh Almutairi, Alkohzama Mohseen Saif Albashe, Dalal Rasheed Altawyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 890
ending page: 902
doi: 10.64483/202522216

Management of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma in the Emergency Department
type: item
description: Background: Penetrating abdominal trauma is a critical, high-stakes emergency and a leading cause of trauma-related mortality, particularly among young males in urban settings. It involves a breach of the abdominal wall by objects such as knives or bullets, posing immediate risks of life-threatening hemorrhage and hollow viscus perforation. Aim: This article synthesizes the current principles for managing penetrating abdominal trauma in the emergency department, focusing on rapid triage, accurate evaluation, and decisive intervention to control hemorrhage and contamination, thereby reducing preventable deaths. Methods: The review outlines a protocol-driven approach based on Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) principles. Key diagnostic methods include the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) for unstable patients and computed tomography (CT) with intravenous contrast for stable patients to identify injury tracts and organ damage. Management pathways are stratified by patient physiology. Results: Hemodynamically unstable patients require immediate surgical exploration. For stable patients, Selective Non-Operative Management (SNOM) is increasingly viable, supported by serial examinations and imaging. Minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopy and endovascular interventions (e.g., REBOA, angioembolization) have expanded treatment options, reduced the rate of non-therapeutic laparotomies and improving outcomes. Conclusion: Successful management hinges on a disciplined, algorithm-based approach that integrates rapid assessment, judicious use of imaging, and a spectrum of interventions from observation to damage-control surgery. This systematic strategy is essential for optimizing survival and minimizing complications.
creator: Naif Qutaysh Alruwaili
creator: Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi
creator: Bader Abd Helal Alhazml
creator: Horan Ali Alhazmi
creator: Ali Eid Ali Altwarish
creator: Faisal Ayidh Abdullah Alanazi
creator: Sultan Fayadh Alanazi
creator: Lutfi Qayyadh Mutairan Alhazmi
creator: Sultan Dalish Alanazi
creator: Tariq Mofareh Alanazi
creator: Sami Tirad K Alruwaili
creator: Naif Abdullah Alanazi
creator: Raed Madallah Alanazi
creator: Aed Salem Alhazmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naif Qutaysh Alruwaili, Khaled Fayez Zaal Alanazi, Bader Abd Helal Alhazml, Horan Ali Alhazmi, Ali Eid Ali Altwarish, Faisal Ayidh Abdullah Alanazi, Sultan Fayadh Alanazi, Lutfi Qayyadh Mutairan Alhazmi, Sultan Dalish Alanazi, Tariq Mofareh Alanazi, Sami Tirad K Alruwaili, Naif Abdullah Alanazi, Raed Madallah Alanazi, Aed Salem Alhazmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 773
ending page: 787
doi: 10.64483/20252199

Bridging Family Medicine, Nursing, and Laboratory Practice in the Diagnosis and Care of Food Allergies
type: item
description: Background: Food allergies represent a significant and growing public health challenge with substantial clinical, psychosocial, and economic impacts. The etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and immune system dysregulation that leads to a failure of oral tolerance. Diagnosis and management require a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach. Aim: This article aims to synthesize the comprehensive landscape of food allergies, detailing their pathophysiology, epidemiology, and the essential, integrated roles of family medicine, nursing, and laboratory practice in achieving optimal patient outcomes through precise diagnosis, effective management, and robust patient education. Methods: The review consolidates evidence on the immunologic mechanisms (IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated), diagnostic evaluations (including skin prick testing, serum-specific IgE, and the gold-standard oral food challenge), and management strategies. It emphasizes a collaborative care model spanning primary care, specialized nursing, and diagnostic laboratories. Results: Effective management hinges on strict dietary avoidance, emergency preparedness with epinephrine, and ongoing patient education. Prognosis varies, with many childhood allergies (e.g., milk, egg) often being outgrown, while others (e.g., peanut, shellfish) typically persist. Emerging treatments like immunotherapy and biologics (e.g., omalizumab) offer promise for desensitization. Complications range from acute anaphylaxis to chronic nutritional and psychosocial burdens. Conclusion: An interprofessional team model is critical for improving the safety and quality of life for individuals with food allergies. This model integrates prevention, accurate diagnosis, personalized management, and continuous education to navigate the complexities of the condition.
creator: Asaad Ali Mohammed Habbash
creator: Meshari Zayed Almutairi
creator: Fahad Mousa Wasili
creator: Manal Saud Alharbi
creator: Majed Abdulrahman Alrashidi
creator: Mansour Butayhan Al Mabdi
creator: Ali Ahmed Alomari Alzhrani
creator: Yahya Fathe Adawie
creator: Mashael Musnad Odhayb Alanazi
creator: Abrar Mohammed Alanzl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asaad Ali Mohammed Habbash, Meshari Zayed Almutairi, Fahad Mousa Wasili, Manal Saud Alharbi , Majed Abdulrahman Alrashidi, Mansour Butayhan Al Mabdi, Ali Ahmed Alomari Alzhrani, Yahya Fathe Adawie, Mashael Musnad Odhayb Alanazi, Abrar Mohammed Alanzl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
volume: 2
number: 2
starting page: 865
ending page: 882
doi: 10.64483/202522214